MUSKINGUM COUNTY INFIRMARY—JOHN M'INTIRE'S WILL—LEGAL ACTION CONCERNING THE WILL OF JOHN M'INTIRE—THE MUSKINGUM COUNTY CHILDREN'S HOME—M'INTIRE CHILDREN'S HOME.

MUSKINGUM COUNTY INFIRMARY.—The first legal step taken to provide for the poor by the county, was an "Act to authorize the establishment of poor houses," passed February 26th, 1816—[Chase's Statutes, vol. I, p. 998.] Like all early efforts, this was subjected to alteration from time to time. March 23d, 1850, the name "Poor House" was changed to the "Infirmary," as less obnoxious in sound. The struggles incident to opening up a new country were not confined to individual welfare, but partook of a communistic nature ; were for mutual benefit, and it was therefore a practical and reasonable act to provide for whoever should be found in need, by a mutual effort, such as this. This was also esteemed a Christian duty. "The poor shall never cease out of the land ; therefore I command thee, saying, thou shalt open thine hand wide unto thy brother, to thy poor and to thy needy in thy land."—Deut. xv. 2.

The present Infirmary farm contains two hundred acres. The following extracts from the Commissioners' Journal, exhibit the acquisition of this property.

June 30th, 1838.—This day the Commissioners. purchased, of Andrew R. Jackson, one hundred (100) acres of land in Falls township, Muskingum county, and being the east end of lot No. 2, Jackson's division, in Quarter township No. 4, in township No. 1, range No. 8, for the purpose of a County Poor Farm, and obligated themselves and their successors in office, in their corporate capacity, to pay said Jackson for the same, as follows : Two thousand dollars ($2,000) on the first day of October next, to be applied to the payment of a mortgage in the hands of A. Buckingham & Co., and the balance as may hereafter be agreed upon.

July 3d, 1838, Andrew Jackson, having presented a deed executed by himself and wife to the Commissioners of Muskingum county, and their successors in office, and assigns forever, for one hundred (100) acres of land, heretofore purchased by the said Commissioners, for the accommodation of a poor house for said county. It is therefore ordered by the Commissioners, that the Auditor issue orders on the County Treasurer for three thousand dollars, ($3,000) the price agreed upon for said land, the orders to be for such amounts as the said Jackson may require ; the said sum to be paid on or before the first day of October next, and the said Jackson to allow interest on all payments made before that time.

October 8th, 1863, the second one hundred acres of the poor farm, adjoining the first tract, was purchased of Augustus C. Springer, for seven thousand dollars ($7,000). The contract for building the first "Poor House," was let to David Maginnis, May 15th, 1839, for

$7,409.57. This building was partly destroyed by fire in 1859, and rebuilt and enlarged in 1860, at a cost of $9,500.

THE NEW BUILDING.—The architect was W. C. Hazlett ; the contract was let May 15th, (the 1st Monday,) 188̊. The contractors for excavation, foundation and brick work, T. B. Townsend ; for cut stone, Eisle & Berkimer ; for iron beams, Mt. Vernon Bridge Co. ; carpenter work, galvanized iron work, slate and tile roofing, Wm. Hall ; painting, Henry Mechlin; plumb- ing, Rockel & Sons. The total contract price, $44,000 ; to be completed in May, 1881. The building will accommodate zoo inmates, and have extra rooms for the Superintendent.

The farm contains about thirty acres of wood land ; the remainder is all under cultivation. The premises have been in use since 1841. In tbat year the total expenditures amounted to $4,950.27.

The number of inmates at the close of that year was twenty-five. In June, of the same year, John Burtch was appointed Superintendent, at a salary of three hundred dollars per annum, board and house room for himself and family.

In 1842, the products of the farm were : Wheat, 250 bushels ; oats, 170 bushels ; corn, 480 bushels ; potatoes, 400 bushels ; turnips, thirty bushels ; buck wheat, ten and a half bushels ; clover, twelve tons ; timothy, three tons ; pork, 2,212 pounds.

The Superintendent, in 1874, was John Christie, and he was succeeded, March 1, 1881, by L. R. C. Howard.

The institution is under good discipline. The following requirements are found in the code : Cleanliness and good behavior ; the inmates shall perform such labor as may be assigned them—if practicable, this shall be such as they have been accustomed to ; to exercise in the open air, as recreation, in places assigned by the Superintendent; men are to shave, or be shaved, twice a week. And all are required to attend Divine service whenever held in the house, except those having conscientious scruples opposed to this requirement, and they are required to re- main in their rooms during this time. .

Those conforming strictly to the rules of the institution, may, on application to the Superintendent, be permitted to visit their friends, and have their friends visit them, according to the discretion of the Superintendent—except on Sabbath.

9th.—No visitor shall be allowed to enter or go through the rooms of the house without first obtaining permission from the Superintendent or one of the Directors.

10th.—Each pauper shall have the full bene- fit of any lawful donation made him or her individually, provided such donation be made with the consent of one of the Directors or the Superintendent; and donations made for the benefit of the house, shall be faithfully divided among the poor, or applied to their additional comfort, at the discretion of the Directors.

Among the prohibitions are : "Lying, stealing, profanity, quarreling, fighting, card-playing, immoral books, obscene conversation, and the use of intoxicants." T"hey shall not sell nor barter their utensils, clothes or provisions, nor offer any fee or gratuity, whatsoever, to any per- sons belonging to the house, nor accept or receive any reward from any other person, for services rendered or to be rendered."

Products of the farm, 188o : Wheat, 1,085 bushels, of which 500 bushels were sold for $450., and the money paid into the County Treasury ; 550 bushels were exchanged for flour for the use of the institution ; corn, 1,100 bushels ; oats, 100 bushels; potatoes, 100 bushels ; hay, twenty-five tons ; all of which was consumed on the place.

Infirmary Directors : One Director is elected annually, [See Sec. 957, Revised Statutes,] and the term of office begins the first Monday in December. The present Board consists of Robert Slack, whose term of office expires in December, 1881 ; Geo. A. Gardner, whose term expires in December, 1882, and Addison Palmer, whose term expires in December, 1883.

The powers vested in the Board are defined in Sections 961-2, Revised Statutes, and by virtue of this authority, they have appointed the present Superintendent for one year from March 1, 1881, at a salary of six hundred dollars, and his wife as Matron, at a salary of one hundred dollars, beginning at the same date, and the following physicians to attend the poor entitled to gratuitous service : For the Infirmary, Dr’s. J. G. F. Holston and L. M. Reamv, at a .salary of two hundred dollars each. And for the wards of the city, as given, with salary affixed : 1st and 2d Wards, Dr. A. C. Oatley, $120.00 ; 3d Ward, Dr. Seth Allen, $6o.00 : 4th and 5th Wards, Dr. W. C. Lenhart, $100.00 ; 6th Ward, Dr. J. T. Davis, $6o.00 ; 7th Ward, Dr. W. E. Atwell, $50.00 ; 8th Ward, Dr. C. H. Evans, $70.00 ; 9th Ward, Dr. J. R. Larzelere, $5 .00. Total, $910.00.

The total amount expended for the benefit of the poor not in the Infirmary, for the year ending March 1st, 1881, has been $3,000.00. , The en- tire expenditures for the Infirmary, including salaries, and "the out poor," for the same time, amounted to $16,000.00.

Under the provisions found in Section 976, Revised Statutes, the Board has entered into arrangements for transferring the children at the Infirmary, and any hereafter received into that institution, to the " McIntire Children's Home," where they are to be cared for, as other children received into the Home, and at the same cost that said children would be to the county.

The following is an extract from the Records of the Court of Common Pleas of Muskingum County :

August 4th, 1815.—At a called Court of Common Pleas, held at Zanesville, in Muskingum county, present, David Findley, Stephen C. Smith and Daniel Stillwell, associate Judges of said court, the last will and testament of John McIntire, deceased, was produced in open court, and proven on the oath of Samuel Culbertson and Job Stanbery, the subscribing witnesses. Daniel Conyers and Alexander Adair were sworn in open court as Executors, when the usual orders were made..

JOHN MCINTIRE'S WILL.-" I, John McIntire, who am a citizen of the United States, and a resident of the town of Zanesville, wishing to make a just disposition of all my estate, both real and personal, to take effect after my death, do make this instrument of writing, as, and for my last will and testament, hereby revoking and disannulling all former wills, by me heretofore made.

"In the first place, in lieu of my wife's full dower at law, I give devise and bequeath to her absolutely, the one half of all the personal property I may die possessed of, except my clock, which is not to be sold, but remain in my dwelling house so long as it will go. All my personal property is first to be valued by three men chosen by my executors, then my wife, Sally, is to make her choice of the one-half, or, should she not take the one-half, the residence is to be sold, and she is to get the money arising from the sale. I also give, devise and bequeath to her, during her life, my mansion house, barn, stable, and all my outhouses and improvements,. within the present enclosure, where ' I now live.

Secondly, so soon after my death as my executors, or a majority of them, may think proper, I order, direct, and empower them, to sell and convey in fee simple, in such parcels and in such manner, and on such terms as they think proper, all and every part of my real estate in the county of Muskingum, or elsewhere, except the real property which I own and which lays within the grant made by the United States to Ebenezer Zane, on the Muskingum River, which shall not be sold during the lifetime of my wife, and out of the sales and proceeds of the above lands, my executors are to pay off all my just debts as soon as possible, after which debts are paid, my executors are to pay to my wife, Sally, annually during her life, the one-half of the rents, interest, issues and profits of all my es- tate, both real and personal. The money aris- ing from the sales of my real estate after the ,payment of my debts, as aforesaid, is to be by my executors, vested in stock in the Zanesville Canal and Manufacturing Company, all excepting one hundred dollars, which I allow them to purchase a horse, saddle and bridle with, for John Chapman, who now lives with me, also another hundred dollars, which I allow to pur- chase a horse, saddle and bridle with, for Lucinda Green, who now lives with me. At the death of my wife, Sally, I allow my executors to sell and convey, in fee simple, in such a manner and on such terms as they think proper, all the rest, residue and remainder of my real estate then remaining unsold. The house and lot, as above bequeathed to my wife, with the clock aforesaid excepted, and the money arising from such sale or sales to be vested in the Zanesville Canal and Manufacturing Company stock, as my other money is ordered to be vested.

"Thirdly, I allow my executors, if they think it prudent and proper, to pay out of the afore said funds annually to Negro Mess, who has lived with me, and now lives with me, fifty dollars, during his lifetime.

"Fourthly, I give, devise and bequeath to my daughter, Amelia McIntire, otherwise called Amelia Messer, at the death of my wife, -my mansion house, with the premises before de- scribed, in fee simple, provided she leaves heirs of her body, or heir, with the clock aforesaid ; also I give, devise and bequeath to her and the heir or heirs of her body, and their heirs forever, all rents, issues, interest and profits, of all my Zanesville Canal and Manufacturing Company Stock, which are to be paid to her annually dur- ing her life, by the President and Directors of said company, on her own personal application, and not otherwise. She is not at liberty to sell, under the pain of forfeiture, any part of said stock, nor is the same ever to be liable for the payment of her debts which she may contract, or which her husband, sbould she .marry, may contract. Should she leave an heir, or heirs, of her body, then, at her death, the house aforesaid to be vested in them in fee simple, and all the stock aforesaid, to do with as they may think proper. But should my daughter, Amelia McIntire, otherwise called Amelia Messer, die with- out an heir or heirs of her body, then my house and lot, with the premises as before described, are to be held in fee simple by the company be- fore described, for the use and occupancy of the President of said company, with the clock aforesaid, he paying into the fund aforesaid, for the use hereafter described, a reasonable rent, to be fixed by the Directors, for the same ; and the President and Directors of said company are annually, forever, to appropriate all the profits, rents and issues of my stock, as aforesaid, and all my estate, of whatever kind the same may be, for the use and support of a Poor School, which they are to establish in the town of Zanesville, for the use of the poor cbildren in said town, the children who are to be the objects of this Institution to be fixed upon by the Presil dent and Directors of said company. This bequest to be absolutely void, in case my daughter Amelia, before described, should leave an heir, or heirs, of her body.

"Lastly, I nominate, constitute, and appoint my friends, Daniel Conyers, Alexander Adair, and Nathan C. Findley, all of Zanesville, the

executors of this, my last will and testament, with full and absolute power, by me in them, or a majority of them vested, to carry this will, and every part thereof, into full effect, and I fully empower them or a majority of them, to sell and convey my real estate as aforesaid described, in fee simple, and as fully as I myself could, were I living ; and, in case any one of my executors, as aforesaid mentioned, should refuse to act agreeable to my request, as an executor of my estate, then, in that case, I authorize, and fully empower the other two executors to fix upon, and appoint some other person, who will act as an executor, and after he is sworn according to law, as an executor is sworn, I do absolutely, and fully, vest him with all the powers which any of my executors are vested with, and all his acts as an executor are to be as binding as those of his co-executors.

" In testimony that this instrument of writing is my last will and testament, I, John McIntire, who am now of sound mind and memory, have hereto set my hand and seal, this eighteenth day of March, eighteen hundred and fifteen, at Zanesville, Ohio.

" Signed, sealed, and pronounced by John McIntire, in our presence, as his last will and testament, who, in his presence, and at his request, sign our names, as witnesses to the same.

Nathan C. Findley declining to act as one of the executors of John McIntire, deceased, Ebenezer Granger was appointed in his stead. E. Granger died in 1822, leaving Daniel Convers and Alexander Adair, surviving executors.

ADMINISTRATORS ET AL. VS. THE CITY OF ZANESVILLE—Petition for the construction of the last will and testament of John McIntire, deceased. Reserved from the District Court of Muskingum county. T. J. Taylor, Solicitor for Children's Home.

LEGAL ACTION CONCERNING THE WILL OF JOHN MCINTIRE.—The Administrators and the Zanesville Canal and Manufacturing Company vs. The City of Zanesville.—[Ohio Reports, Critchfield, p. 352, et seq.] By a provision in the will in question, " the President and Directors of said Zanesville Canal and Manufacturing Company, are annually, forever, to appropriate all profits, rents, and issues of my stock as aforesaid, and all my estate, of whatever kind the same may be, for the use and support of a Poor-School, which they are to establish in the town of Zanesville, for the use of the poor children in said town, the children who are to be the objects of this institution, to be fixed upon by the President and Directors of said company.

" At the date of the will, said Zanesville Canal and Manufacturing Company were unincorporated; but soon after the death of the testator, they were duly incorporated, and authorized to accept and execute the trust ; and their corporate existence has been made perpetual for that purpose, by subsequent act of the Legislature.

" Upon the happening of the contingencies upon which depended this devise, the Zanesville Canal and Manufacturing Company accepted the trust, erected a school building in the city of Zanesville, and supported therein a "poor school," until the year 1856, when, owing to the flourishing condition of the public schools of this city, and the repugnance of parents and children towards a distinctive "poor school," the said Zanesville Canal and Manufacturing Company placed the building under the control of the city Board of Education, which Board conducted schools therein in the same manner as if it were a ward school, the Zanesville Canal and Manufacturing Company paying the expenses of said school.

" In 1865, the said Zanesville Canal and Manufacturing Company assumed the expense of maintaining another of the ward schools of the city.

" Of this fund, a sufficient sum to pay the expenses of schools taught in the McIntire School Building, from 1856 to 1865, was paid to the School Board for that purpose, and the additional sum of $8,000 annually, up to the close of the year 1880, with additional contributions for clothing, etc., of from $500.00 to $800.00 annually.

" Since the death of the testator, several additions have been made to the town of Zanesville. Some of these additions are included in the present corporate limits of the city, and some are not. Of the latter description, is a village, on the west side of the Muskingum river, called 'West Zanesville," in which lots were laid out by the testator, and denominated by him on the plat as 'lots in Zanesville.' The incorporated town, in 1815, was situated entirely on the east side of the river.

" A part of the fund so donated is still uninvested, and stock in the Zanesville Canal and Manufacturing Company cannot now be purchased, and, if so purchased, would be of little or no value.

The present case is a petition filed by the Zanesville Canal and Manufacturing Company, and the administrators, with the will annexed of said estate, asking the Court for directions and advice as to the manner of investing the remaining part of the fund, as to the extent and limits of the 'town of Zanesville, within the meaning of said will, and as to the proper manner of executing the trust within those limits.

" The city of Zanesville answers, claiming that the present application of the fund, in aid of the free schools of the city, shall be continued.

" Since filing the petition, a voluntary association, denominated the 'Muskingum Children's Home Association,' has been made a party defendant, and filed an answer in the cause. The object of this association is to 'secure proper care, culture and homes, for children in the city and vicinity of Zanesville, who, by misfortune or vice, are left in destitute circumstances, without the comforts or culture of home, church, or school.' It is located at Zanesville, and has al-

ready received from the trustees, some part of the McIntire fund, to aid it from time to time in its charitable enterprise ; and the association asks that the Trustees be advised or directed to appropriate at least part of the trust for that use.

DECREE.—"This cause came on to be -heard upon petition and amended petition of the plain- tiffs, the answers of the defendants, and the exhibits and testimony, and was argued by coun- sel; on the consideration whereof, the Court directs and advises that the uninvested part of the fund, referred to in the petition, be invested otherwise than in the stock of said Zanesville Canal and Manufacturing Company, in such way, and manner, as shall be most productive and safe. And the Court is of opinion, and so advises said Trustees, that it is the true meaning and intent of said will, that, in the selection of children to be the beneficiaries of said bounty, that they be not confined to the limits of the original town of Zanesville, or to the corporate limits of the borough or city of Zanesville, but may, and should, select them also from the said village of West Zanesville, or from any and all other additions to said town or city, which, in the common and popular sense, constitute parts thereof at the time of selection. And the Court further advises and directs the said Trustees to discontinue the present plan of applying a portion of the proceeds of said trust fund, in aid of the common schools of said city of Zanesville, being of opinion that any permanent appropria- tion of said funds, or any portion of them, in that way, would be a perversion of the same from the true objects and purposes of the dona- tion. And the Court, further proceeding to ad- vise said Trustees as to their duties in the prem- ises, is of opinion and declares, that the real and ultimate purpose of the donor was, to educate poor children, resident in Zanesville ; that, in carrying out that purpose, the powers of the Trustees are not confined to the mere establishment and maintenance of a free school, or insti- tution for the education of poor children.; but that they may, when found proper and necessary to the end proposed, also adopt other means for the education of such poor children, in connection with such school or institution, and, as incidental thereto, including, among such other means, that so far relieving the wants of such poor children as to make their education practicable, when that end cannot be otherwise attained, and the proceeds of said fund are sufficient for that purpose. But the Court further advises, that the Trustees maintain and use, at all times, some suitable edifice, or edificeS, for instruction, and that when they see proper to dispense any part of said funds through other associations or persons, they retain in their own hands a supervisory power over them, and the right, at all times, to control their action. And it is further ordered and adjudged by the Court, that all the costs herein be paid by said Trustees, out of the proceeds of said trust fund.

MCINTIRE CHILDREN'S HOME.—The inception of this institution dates back to a time in June, 1865, when Mrs. Van Buren, Mrs. James, Mrs. Captain Hazlett, Mrs. D. Brown, Mrs. Louisa Brooks, Mrs. General Leggett, and Mrs. Joseph Black, convened, in one of the small rooms of the Second street M. E. Church, at which meeting Mrs. Van Buren was chosen President, and Mrs. James, Secretary. The result of this meeting was, that it should be ascertained what money could be raised for the purpose of caring for destitute children, to accomplish which, committees were appointed to solicit funds in each ward.

On July 24, 1865, a second meeting was held, in the same place, and a committee was appointed to prepare a suitable Constitution and By-Laws. The meeting also decided to invite the co-operation of Rev. Mr. Platt, Henry Blandy, C. W. Potwin, John Taylor, Jr., Joseph Black, General Leggett, Rev. Levitt, Alexander Grant, and others. July 31, of the same year, they met and perfected an organization, and adopted rules to govern the Home. The name selected was significant of their intent, viz. : "The Musking- um County Children's Home." The officers elected were :

Board of Control--Mrs. Van Buren, Mrs. Captain Hazlett, Mrs. Dr. Brown, Mrs. D. M. Leggett, Mrs. Benjamin Wheeler, Mrs. Brooks, and Mrs. Maginnis.

The first "Home was opened in Mrs. Flood's brick dwelling, on Market street, east of Blocksom alley. In the spring following, these rooms were found insufficient for the accommodation of the children, and the Board of Contrôl contracted with Stephen Harper for his five-acre lot, situated on the old Wheeling road, one mile east of the Court House, opposite Harris's brick-yard, upon which was a one-story, frame house, containing four rooms, for which property, was paid two thousand one hundred and fifty dollars.

Rules Governing the Institution.-Parents or guardians, or, if none, the Trustees of townships, or Infirmary Directors, are required to sign a paper of indenture, giving the child to the Trustees of the Home, to be placed in their care and protection, to feed, clothe, school, and care for, as their own children ; the Home to provide suitable homes for the children, among good and respectable people.

Such persons are required to enter into bond to take care of the child, or children, as though their own. The child is required to be industrious and obedient, and, when of age, the adopting parents are required to furnish two suits of clothes, one of which is to be new.

far as to see that the contract, on the part of those who adopt children, is complied with.

The importance of such an institution as the Children's Home having been demonstrated, as fulfilling the desires expressed in the will of John McIntire, who bequeathed his property for the benefit of poor children, the administrators of his estate generously came to the aid of the Board of Control, by paying the expenses, and affording such other assistance as was necessary to place the Home on a permanent basis.

September 4th, 1867, Mrs. Highfield resigned her Matronship, and Mrs. Ely (her daughter), was appointed to fill the vacancy, and Miss Kate Duross was appointed teacher.

In July, 1868, the McIntire trustees agreed to purchase and hold the mortgage debt of said Children's Home Association, and to contribute two thousand dollars a year to support the Home, the name being changed (May 16th, of the same year,) to McIntire Children's Home. After supporting the "Home" for eleven years, in the old frame building, in the fourth ward, the trustees became satisfied that a building ought to be constructed specially adapted for such purpose. The McIntire estate, having become the owner of "Woodside," a site containing some eigbt acres, and familiarly known as the homestead of Judge Richard Stillwell, and, subsequently, of Mr. Kaemmerer, the executors, by virtue of their official power, and in obedience to the intent of the testator, whose estate they control, set this tract apart for the "John McIntire Children's Home." Under legislative authority, the ground aforesaid was annexed to the city of Zanesville, and opened Kaemmerer avenue, which leads from the Home grounds to Adair avenue, thus bringing it into direct communication with the public highways of the city, while it is retired from the annoyances of a common public thoroughfare, and enjoys the delightful advantage of a suburban home, on a commanding eminence, amid the shade and beauty of luxuriant forest trees.

The executors made a contract with the County Commissioners, through a joint commission, consisting of Jeff. Van Home, on the part of the Commissioners, and C. C. Russell, M. M. Granger, and D. C. Converse, for McIntire Children's Home, as follows :

First—Said Association will build, during the year 1879, on lots 32, 33, 34, 35, 44, 45, and 46, Woodside (Kaemmerer's subdivision, recently annexed to Zanesville), a brick building, for said Home, suitable for the accommodation of one hundred children, and the necessary officerS and attendants of the Home, which building shall be the property of the McIntire estate, for the use of said Home.

Second—The Commissioners of Muskingum county, pursuant to act of February 11th, 1869 [Volume 66, Ohio Laws, page will aid said association in and about the erection of said building, pay to said association the sum of six thousand dollars, ($6,000.00), payable as follows, to wit : On or before the first day of May, A. D. 1879, the sum of two thousand dollars, ($2,000.00) ; on or before the first day of January, 1880, the sum of three thousand dollars, ($3,000.00) ; and the balance on or before the first day of July, 1880.

Third—Said association will receive into said Home, in the same manner as other children are, and have been, received, children within the ages fixed by the Statutes regulating the Children's Home, children from the County Infirmary, and keep, and maintain, and instruct them in like manner as they do unto and for other children admitted to said Home, and will maintain a school in said Home, as required by the State of Ohio touching said Home.

Fourth—Said County Commissioners will use all legal power of taxation that is, or may be, given them,, (By law), for the purpose of raising money to fulfill the following stipulations, and will pay it, from time to time, to said association, as raised, to wit : For salaries of Superintendent, Matron, and other necessary officers and attendants, not exceeding their pro rata share of said expenses, properly belonging to the children admitted from said Infirmary, not exceeding the sum of three thousand dollars, ($3 ,000.00), a year, for furnishing books, school apparatus,, etc., their proper cost for said children so received from said Infirmary Directors.

Approved by Commissioners Simms, Tanner, and Van Horne.—[Commissioner's journal, pages 405-6.

The new Home building was begun in June, 1879, and finished in August, 1880; the opening was celebrated, and it was dedicated by appropriate religious ceremonies, and a sense of relief came, lifting the shadows that over us roll.

The structure is one of the most beautiful in this vicinity ; the entire length is one hundred and twenty five feet, by ninety in width ; the basement is built of limestone, with range-work above the window sills. The east and west wings are two stories high ; the central portion is three stories high ; the roof is Mansard ; the walls are of brick, with handsome stone trimmings. In the architrave, over the main entrance, the name of the institution, "McIntire Children's Home," is cut in bold, stone lettering. The building fronts south, and the stone steps at the doorways are neat and remarkable for easy ascent and descent. The building contains thirty-five rooms. There are several avenues of escape in case of fire. The building is heated throughout by steam, from the boiler room, in the basement, and so perfect is the system that no accident can occur. The structure is to be lighted by gas, furnished from the pipes of the Zanesville Gas Light Company.

en, and is a substantial brick building, thirty-two feet square; and supplied with all the appliances necessary.

The school house, seventy-five yards east of the Home, is a handsome two-room edifice, with a capacity of one hundred children.

The Home farm comprises one hundred and four acres of land, and is in charge of two farm- ers, for whom neat tenement houses have been erected. Two new frame houses have been built, one for the janitor of the Home, the other for the overseer of the farm. They were constructed from the material of the large frame building which formerly occupied the site of the Home, built by the late Judge Stillwell. The barn and stables have been newly repaired and painted, new board fencing around the farm, picket fence around the Home building and grounds immediately attached, the lawn laid out in walks, and ornamented with evergreens, and, all in all, the new Home is a charming place.

Arrangements have been made with the Infirmary Directors, under authority vested in them, [see Section 976, Revised Statutes], to take into the Home the children that now are, or may here- after, come to the Infirmary, and care for them as other children.

Trustees—Moses M. Granger, Daniel Applegate, D. C. Conyers, R. S. Granger, Edward J. Brush, Charles C. Goddard, Charles H. Abbott, John R. Stonesipher, Charles C. Hildreth, Alexander Grant, and George W. Thompson. The officers of this Board are : President—Alexander Grant.

Board of Managers—Mrs. Stanberry, Mrs. G. N. Guthrie, Mrs. Robert Fulton, Mrs. James R. Peabody, Mrs. Laura Taylor, Mrs. Alexander SulliVan, Mrs. Thomas Griffith, and Messrs. A. Grant, Charles C. Goddard, and George W. Thompson.

NAVIGABLE CANALS-THE CANAL FUND-COMMISSIONERS OF-POWERS-WHAT THE COMMISSIONERS DID-COST OF MAKING THESE 1MPROVEMENTS-CONNECTION WITH THE NAVIGATION OF THE OHIO RIVER-REVENUE DERIVED FROM THE 1MPROVEMENT - TOLL RECEIPTS - TONNAGE TABLE-THE BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS.

February 4th, 1825, an act was ,passed by the Legislature of Ohio, "to provide for the internal improvement of the State of Ohio, by navigable canals," which is as follows :

SECTION 4. "That there shall be a Board of Commissioners, to be denominated the Commis- sioners of the Canal Fund, which Board shall consist of three members, each of whom shall take an oath, or affirmation, well and faithfully to execute the duties required of him by law, who shall continue in their appointment six years, and until their successors are appointed and qualified, which Board shall continue until the stock which shall be created, as hereinafter provided, shall be wholly paid and redeemed, and that the terms of service of the three persons first appointed, shall be so arranged that one of their terms of ser- vice shall expire at the end of two years, and one at the end of four years, and one at the end of six years, to be decided by lot, so that one of said Commissioners shall be appointed every two years, and should a vacancy happen in said Board by death, resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature, the Governor, for the time being, shall appoint a person, or persons, to fill such vacancy, until the Legislature shall act in the premises ; provided, that any of said Commis- sioners may be removed by joint resolution of both branches of the Legislature ; and that the following persons and their successors shall constitute said Board, to wit : Ethan A. Brown, Eb- enezer Buckingham, and Allen Trimble ; that a majority of said Commissioners shall be a quorum for the transaction of business ; they shall super- intend and manage the canal fund, and shall receive, arrange, and manage, to the best advantage, all things belonging thereto ; they shall borrow, from time to time, moneys on the credit of the State, at a rate of interest not exceeding six per centum per annum, and not exceeding, in the year eighteen hundred and twenty-five, the sum of four hundred thousand dollars, and in any succeeding year, during the progress of the work hereby contemplated, a sum which shall not exceed six hundred thousand dollars, for which moneys so to be borrowed, they shall issue transferable certificates of stock, redeemable at the pleasure of the State, at such time, between the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty and the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, as the said Commissioners of the Canal Fund may determine, to be paid out of said fund, and transferable at such place, or places, as, in the opinion of said Commissioners of the Canal Fund, shall best promote the interest of the State ; they shall pay the sums so borrowed to the Canal Commissioners, or their orders, for the purpose of making the canals hereinbefore described, under such regulations and restrictions as the Commissioners of the Canal Fund may deem necessary and proper, in order to secure the application of the money to the making of the canals.

SECTION 8. "That it shall be lawful for the said Canal Commissioners, and each of them by themselves, and by any and every superintendent, agent, or engineer employed by them, to enter upon, and take possession of, and use all and singular, any lands, waters, streams, and materials necessary for the prosecution of the improvements intended by this act ; and to make all such canals, feeders, dykes, locks, dams, and other works and devices, as they may think proper for mak-

ing such improvements, doing, nevertheless, no unnecessary damage ; and that in case any lands, waters, streams, or materials taken and appropriated, for any of the purposes aforesaid, shall not be given or granted to this State, it shall be the duty of the Canal Commissioners, on application being made to them by the owner, or owners, of any such lands, waters, streams, or materials, to appoint, by writing, not less than three, nor more than five, discreet, disinterested persons as appraisers, who shall, before they enter upon the duties of their appointment, severally take an oath, or affirmation, before some person authorized to administer oaths, faithfully and impartially to perform the trust and duties required of them by this act, a certificate of which oath, or affirmation, shall be filed with the Secretary of the Canal Commissioners ; and it shall be the duty of said appraisers, or a majority of them, to make a just and equitable estimate and appraisal, of damage, if any, over and above the benefit and advantage to the respective owners and proprietors, or parties interested in the premises, so required for the purposes aforesaid, and the said appraisers, or a majority of them, shall make regular entries of their determination and appraisal, with an apt and sufficient description of the several premises, appropriated for the purposes aforesaid, in a book, or books, to be provided by the Canal Commissioners, and certify and sign their names to such entries and appraisals, etc.

"In pursuance of this act, the Board made arrangements for taking levels, and making surveys and examinations necessary to ascertain the best plan, and probable cost, of improving that important river—the Muskingum. Mr. Joseph Ridgeway, Jr., was accordingly directed to proceed to the performance of this service. In this gentleman's skill the Board feels great confidence, and entertains no doubt but that his levelings and surveys are substantially correct. In adopting a plan for improving the size of the river, the nature of the valley, its banks and bed, and its connection with the Ohio river, have been taken into view. As the improvement of the Muskingum is designed, among other advantages, to connect the navigation of the Ohio river with that of the canal through the valley of the Muskingum, it is of primary importance that the improvement should be such as to afford a commodious navigation, either for boats of the canal, or the steamboats of the Ohio. The character of the valley, and the channel of the Muskingum, render it much cheaper to make a steamboat navigation in its channel, than a canal along its margin.

"The plan of improvements, therefore, which has been adopted, is to create, at all places in the channel of the river, by means of darns, a sufficient depth of water to admit the passage of steamboats of the size found most profitable for navigating the Ohio river, and construct the locks, and side cuts around the darns, of sufficient dimensions for that purpose.

"The channel of the river is sufficiently large for the convenient navigation of the largest steamboats, being, on an average, five hundred feet in breadth. The distance from Zanesville to the mouth of the river, at Marietta, following the meanderings of the river, is seventy- five miles and sixty-six chains. The amount of fall from the foot of the upper dam, at Zanesville, to the level of low-water mark at Marietta, is one hundred and four feet, and from the top of the Zanesville dam, one hundred and fifteen feet. To make slack water throughout this whole distance, if not less than four feet in depth, at the lowest stages of water, will require eleven dams across the river. The descent from the lower dam at Zanesville, may be overcome by twelve locks, the aggregate lift of which will be one hundred and four feet.

“The lowest estimated cost of making these improvements, from the lower bridge in Zanesville to the Ohio river, including ten per cent. on the net estimate, to cover unforeseen expenses, is $353,443.67.

"In order to connect the navigation of the Ohio river with the canal, it will be necessary to improve the river between Zanesville and Dresden, by the erection of one dam across the river between these two places, and the making of a lock, to overcome the fall ; together with a lock and an increase of the breadth of the canal, at Zanesville ; the total cost of which is estimated at $56,556.61.

"A side cut, or branch canal, of about two and a half miles in length, from the main canal to the Muskingum, at Dresden, with three boat locks, overcoming a descent of twenty-eight feet from the canal into the river, will be necessary, to perfect the plan. The cost of this side cut will be about thirty-five thousand dollars." The contract for building this side cut was at once let, to be completed September 1, 1829.

The question of this improvement' continued to be agitated until 1835, when the contracts were let, and work began. The contractors were : Josiah Spaulding, G. W. Manypenny ; Lyon, Buck & Wolf; Hosmer, Chapin & Sharp, and Arthur and James Taggert. The whole work was under the personal supervision of David Bates, civil engineer.

In 1841, the work was so far advanced as to allow the passage of boats ; but it was not until a year later that the 'Muskingum Improvement' was entirely completed. The total cost was one million six hundred thousand dollars.

The revenue of the improvement is derived from tolls, similar to those collected on the Ohio Canal. The locks are located as follows : Dresden, Simms' Creek, Zanesville, Taylorsville, Eaglesport, McConnellsville, Windsor, Luke Chute, Beverly, Lowell, Devolt, and Harmar, There are two locks at Zanesville, and a dam near each of the locks named, except at Dres-

The lock-tenders at Zanesville have been : Major Horn, Henry Bridgeman, William Stokes, and George Shrack. The latter, now seventy-five years of age, has performed the du- ties faithfully, during twenty-four years past.

TOLL RECE1PTS.-The receipts during the year 1879, from tolls and water rents, on Division No. 2, of the Public Works of Ohio, which embraces the Ohio and Hocking Canals, and the Muskingum Improvement, aggregated $35,- 084.99, divided as follows :

TONNAGE TABLE.-The following table shows the amount of business done at the Collector's office in Zanesville-the shipments and receipts during the year 1879 :

The Muskingum Improvement is now under control of the Board of Public Works, which is composed as follows :

The following are the Superintendents : N. Hoagland, Akron ; Thomas West, Canal Dover ; Samuel Galloway, Newark ; W. E. Mead, Columbus; H. White, Logan ; E. W. Sprague, Lowell ; R. N. Andrews, Hamilton ; Jarvis Landon, Piqua ; George Long, Toledo ; N. C. West, Fremont.

THE CENTRAL OHIO-CINCINNATI AND MUSKINGUM VALLEY - PITTSBURGH, CINCINNAT1 AND ST. LOUIS-ZANESVILLE AND SOUTHEASTERN.

The history of thc railroads of the county shows them to have been powerful agencies in developing the resources, the growth, and prosperity of the industries and institutions, the march of mind, and the increase of wealth, while the increased facilities for transporting the products of the soil, other merchandise, and easy transit of passengers, seem almost too familiar to be duly appreciated. And yet, a careful contemplation of this important factor in our present civilization, shows that railways, which have inaugurated the new order of things, have rarely been beneficiaries to a degree commensurate with the outlay of money and brains required to put them in operation and keep them up.

Live and let live, is a wholesome maxim, and, while the railroad remains our best means of transport communication, it should receive a generous patronage, at a living tariff. Of seventy- two companies in Ohio, reporting to the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs, for the last fiscal year, the operating expenses were 67.45 per cent. of the receipts, and only thirteen of the seventy-two companies report paying dividends to their stock-holders.

The Cincinnati and Muskingum Valley, hav- ing 26.61 miles of main track, and 2.90 miles of siding.

The Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and St. Louis, having 14.09 miles of main track, and 2.66 miles of siding.

With a total of main track of 73.40 miles, and 11 .63 miles of siding, or, 85.03 miles of track in all.

THE CENTRAL OHIO RAILROAD .-On February 8th, 1847, the Legislature of Ohio passed "an act to incorporate the Central Ohio Railroad Company." This was the pioneer railroad of the county, and its intorporators were : Robert Neil, Samuel Medary, Joel Buttles, Joseph Ridgway,

and Bela Latham, of Franklin county ; David Smith, Daniel Duncan, Adam Seymour, Israel Dille, Albert Sherwood, Nathaniel B. Hogg, Levi J. Haughey, Jacob Glessner, George W. Penney, Jonathan Taylor, A. P. Prichard, and Wickliff Condit, of Licking county ; James Ra- guet, Robt. Mitchell, Daniel Brush, John Hamm, Solomon Sturges, Richard Stillwell, Daniel Conyers, Levi Claypool, and Solomon Woods, of Muskingum county.

Authority was given to these incorporators, and their successors, to construct a single, or double, track railroad from Columbus, through Newark and Zanesville, to the Ohio river ; also, to extend it westward to the Indiana line, if desired.

March 8th, 1849, the charter was amended by conferring upon the company all the privileges of an act regulating railroad companies, and sub- jecting it to the duties and liabilities therein im- posed.

On March 20th, 1850, the charter was further amended, giving to the company perpetual li- cense to occupy its right of way, where no re- lease had been obtained from the owner, provid- ed the .company had possessed the same peace- ably for seven years, without any claim being made by the owner for compensation therefor, and "such possession shall be _prima facie evi- dence that a release was granted:"

In March, 1851, an agent was sent to England, with authority to purchase six thousand tons of iron rails, to complete the road to Columbus, it be- ing supposed that the entire quantity could be delivered before the close of navigation, in the fall of 1851 ; these expectations were notl-ealized, and it was not until March, 1852, that the entire consignment was received, although thirty-nine vessels were occupied in its transportation.

The construction of the road was commenced at Newark, and, on January 26th, 1852, the line between Newark and Zanesville was opened for business—"in less than twenty-one months after the commencement of the work," as the official report boastingly asserts. Twenty-six miles of railroad, built in twenty-one months, is no achievement in modern railroad engineering, when one mile a day is frequently accomplished.

The first report of the Treasurer, showing the operations of the road from January 26th to August 1st, 1852, for the operated line between New- ark and Zanesville, gives the following restime

Passenger and freight receipts, $17,566.91 mail service, $2,072.92. Total revenue, $19,639.83.

Equivalent to six per cent, interest on a valuation of $480,000, which amount, the Treasurer suggests, is more than the road cost.

The President, in his report, presented at the same time, comments upon the road's prospects, when its connections east and west shall have been consummated, and of its geographical posi- tion, as commanding the best through line of the country. He says : "An indication of this result is already presented us, within the last few days, since the opening of travel over the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to the Monongahela river. We are now carrying passengers ticketed from Baltimore to Cincinnati, who, leaving the Balti- more road at Fetterman, take coaches to St. Mary's, on the Ohio river, from which place to Zanesville, by way of Marietta, they are brought in the mail steam packets of the Muskingum. If we can have through travel between Baltimore and the west by so circuitous a route, what shall we not have reason to expect when the Baltimore road is finished to Wheeling, and ten hours staging only (over the National Road, which is kept in excellent condition), intervenes between the Baltimore and the Central roads ?"

January 8th, 1853, the track-laying to Columbus was completed, and the road opened for busi- ness between Zanesville and Columbus. From that date to August 23d, 1853, 60,314 passengers were carried over the line.

Early in 1854, it became known that the company had contracted for a lot of rolling stock from eastern manufacturers, and on Saturday, March 25th, 1854, a mass meeting was held at Nevitt & Dixon's Hall, to protest against this action of the company. A very lengthy series of resolutions were adopted, condemning the President of the company, whose action was characterized as dis- honorable in the highest degree, and the Directors were urged to solicit his resignation. Numerous speeches were made, and C. W. Potwin, Joseph Galligher, George A. Jones, William H. Ball, David Applegate, and J. Cooper were appointed a committee to prepare an address to the stock-holders. The Zanesville City Council discussed the subject, and the excitement was in- tense against the company. The newspapers were filled with editorials and contributed matter, and some cultivated the muses by writing verses upon the all-absorbing theme. The President replied to the charges, and vindicated himself from the aspersions cast upon him—at least, iri the opinion of a majority of the stock-holders of the company, if not in that of the citizens of Zanes- ville.

On Wednesday, April 5th, 1854, the first freight hauled over the line east of Zanesville, arrived at this city at 4 o'clock, P. M., and consisted of the goods of T. W. Peacock, Esq., President of the P., M. & C. Railroad Company, en route to McConnellsville.

Thursday, April 27th, 1854, the opening of the road to Cambridge was celebrated ; the depot grounds at Zanesville were filled, at an early hour, with crowds of people from home and abroad. The two Zanesville military companies —the City Guards and Greens—marched to the cars in full uniform, to the stirring notes of martial music, and the National colors at their head.

About 8 :30, A. M., the locomotive, John Bradley, started with the train, and arrived at Cambridge in safety and on good time, where the excursionists were met with a crowd, if anything, more dense than the one they had left at home. It was with the greatest difficulty that sufficient space could be secured for the military to form, but it was successfully accomplished, and a tiro-

cession formed, the military leading, and citizens in the rear. Speeches were made at the court house, and dinner served to the visitors. The hour set for the return of the train was 4 :30 P. M., and the military, presuming themselves secure, were tardy in re-forming, so that when they arrived at the brow of the hill at the depot, they espied the train on its return, at a distance. There was no remedy but to remain Cambridge's guests until the following morning, when they were brought to tbeir homes by that ancient model of a conductor, Frank J. Terry, Esq.

On Wednesday, June 7th, 1854, the road was opened for business to Cambridge, and on November 1st, succeeding, the first train of cars was run through from Columbus to Bellaire.

June 19th, 1857, a contract was entered into with the Steubenville and Indiana Railroad Company to carry all the traffic that road would bring, at Columbus or Newark, over the road between these points, with the same dispatch and care that the Central Ohio Company's business was done, and divide with that company the proceeds of such service, in proportion to the miles run over each road.

The company having become very much embarrassed and unable to meet its obligations, on April 21 st, 1858, suit was brought in the Circuit Court of the United States, for the Southern District of Ohio, by the Trustee under one of the mortgages, for the purchase of the mortgage and sale of the road. On May 1st, following, the court placed the road in the hands of Hon. J. Jewett, as Receiver, to be operated for the benefit of parties interested. In his report for the fiscal year, 1860-61, Mr. Jewett says : "This line has suffered more, perhaps, in its ordinary business, from the unhappy state of things in this country, than any one west of the Ohio river. Its main dependence for a through business, to and from the east, the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, has, for some months past, been wholly disabled. Until that road is again able to resume business, this cannot expect to regain the position and character of a through route, which it had enjoyed previous to the obstructions which have been interposed to the working and operating of that road."

On March 14th, 1864, the undivided one-half of the thirty-three miles of road, between Newark and Columbus, was sold to the Steubenville & Indiana Railroad Company, and on August 31st, 1864, the deed for the same was executed.

A plan for the reorganization, and capitalization of the stock and debt, of the Central Ohio Railroad, having been agreed upon, in pursuance of orders of the court, a sale of the road was made March 28th, 1865, to certain Trustees, for the benefit of the parties in interest. On

November 1st, 1865, the Central Ohio Railroad Company, as reorganized, was formed. To it the old company conveyed its right and franchises on November 8th, and on January 29th, 1866, the new company was placed in possession of the property, by order Of the court.

November 21st, 1866, at a meeting of the stockholders, the lease of the road to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company was concurred in by a vote of 43,213 shares, none against, and on December 1st, 1866, the Baltimore & Ohio Company began operating the road, as its Central Ohio Division. This lease was subsequently modified, February 13th, 1869, and under the management of the lessee, the road has been materially improved. Its rolling stock has been increased ; wooden culverts have been replaced with stone ones, and iron bridges are being substituted for the original wooden structures ; neat and commodious passenger and ware-house accommodations have been provided, at the now important points ; steel rails and the improved iron splice have taken the place of the old iron rail and chair, or wooden block-, and, in its present condition, the Central Ohio Railroad is one of the best equipped and most safely conducted roads in the Union.

CINCINNAT1 AND MUSKINGUM VALLEY RAILROAD.-On February 4th, 1851, the Cincinnati, Wilmington & Zanesville Railroad Company was chartered, with power to construct a railroad from Cincinnati, via Wilmingion, Washington, Circleville and Lancaster, to Zanesville, and, under this authority, a railroad was built from Zanesville to Morrow, in Warren county, a distance of 132 miles. where it connects with the Little Miami Railroad.

The stock subscriptions, and a large amount derived from the sales of first, second and third mortgage bonds, were expended in the construction and equipment of the road, and the company being unable to comply with the conditions of the mortgage, which had been given to secure the bonds, the Trustees under them, by bill in chancery, prosecuted, February 22d, 1857, in the Circuit Court of the United States, for the Southern District of Ohio, which resulted in a decree being made on March 3d, 1857, appointing a Receiver in the case, with authority to take possession of the road and property, and operate the road for the interest of all parties concerned.

Under this, and subsequent orders of the court, the Receiver continued to operate the road until a plan of reorganization was perfected, under which, by decree, June l0th, 1863, the court ordered the mortgaged premises, including the franchises of the company, to be sold, such sale to free the same from all debts and liabilities. In pursuance of these proceedings, a sale was made, August 27th, 1863, to Charles Moran, in trust for such creditors and stock-holders as should reorganize as a body corporate, to run and carry on the railroad under the charter. October 17th, 1863, the court confirmed the sale, and directed the Receiver to make the conveyance to the Trustee.

On March loth, 1864, the parties interested in the purchase, met at Cincinnati, and organized the Cincinnati & Zanesville Railroad Company, under the franchises of the Cincinnati, Wilming-

ton and Zanesville Company, and to it, March 12th, 1864, Charles Moran, Trustee, deeded property held by him in trust.

Doubts having existed whether the franchise of the original company was well vested in the new company, the Director of the former formally conveyed the same to the re-organized com- pany.

The new company issued new bonds and new stock, and failing in the payment of its indebted- ness, a bill was filed by the Trustee, under the new mortgage against the company, April 30, 1869, for the foreclosure of mortgage and sale of the road ; October 6, 1869, the Court fixed a time for payment, and in default, directed the road to be sold, the company having failed to make payment; on October 16, 1869, an order of sale was issued, and on December 1, 1869, Thomas L. Jewett purchased the mortgaged premises, prop- erty, franchises, etc., for $1,400,000, which purchase was confirmed by the Court the succeeding day, and the property ordered to be deeded to him.

Mr. Jewett operated the road in his individual capacity until September 1, 1870, when the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley Railway Company came into possession of the road, which company continued to operate it until May. 1, 1873, when it passed into the hands of the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis 'Railway Company, under lease for ninety-nine years from January 1, 1873, and is operated as the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley Division.

The Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley Com- pany constructed the "Dresden Extension."

PITTSBURGH, CINCINNAT1 & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY-The Steubenville & Indiana Railroad Com- pany was chartered February 24, 1848, by the Legislature of Ohio, with authority to construct a railroad from Steubenville, via. Mt. Vernon,to the Indiana State line. March 12, 1849, the charter, was amended, permitting the construction of a branch road from Coshocton, via. Newark, to Columbus, provided that any company thereafter constructing a road from the Ohio river, opposite Wheeling, by specified routes, should have the right to connect such road with the Steubenville & Indiana Company, at any point in the valley of the Tuscarawas river. Permission and authority were also given, with the consent of the Virginia Legislature, to bridge the Ohio at Steubenville, to connect with eastern roads, said bridge not to obstruct navigation.

Under these, and other amendatory acts, the rOad was constructed from Steubenville to New- ark, 117 square miles, but the company becom- ing unable to meet its liabilities, September 2, 1859, suit was brought in the Harrison County Common Pleas Court for the foreclosure of mortgages, and sale of the road. The Court appointed Thomas L. Jewett, President of the company, Receiver, and the road was operated by him, under direction of the Court.

A plan for the adjustment of the liabilities and re-organization of the company having been perfected, an order was issued by the Court, January 6, 1864, directing a sale of the entire prop- erty and road of the company, lying between Steubenville and Newark, and on February 27, 1864, J. Edgar Thomson, H. M. Alexander and George W. McCook, purchased it for certain mortgage creditors, for $1,908,889. This sale the Court did not confirm, and the road continued to be operated by the Receiver.

The Court having approved of the project to purchase one-half interest in the thirty-three miles of road owned by the Central Ohio Company, between Newark and Columbus, that out- let was secured.

March 24, 1849, the Legislature of Pennsylvania chartered the Pittsburgh & Steubenville Railroad Company, and on December 30, 1857, it entered into an agreement with the Western Transportation Company, of Pennsylvania, to construct a single track railroad between Pittsburgh and Steubenville, and equip and operate the same for twenty years; on March 6, 1867,this road was sold under first mortgage, and the Pan-Handle Railway Company was incorporated to

On March 30, 186o, the Virginia Legislature incorporated the Halliday's Cove Railroad Company, with valuable franchises between Pitts- burgh and Steubenville.

On October 1, 1865, an agreement was made between the Steubenville & Indiana, Halliday's Cove, and the Pittsburgh & Steubenville roads, to operate the three lines, extending from Columbus, Ohio, to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, under the name of the Pittsburgh, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad.

March 17, 1868, the Pan-Handle, Halliday's Cove, and Steubenville & Indiana companies made another agreement for a consolidation: the stockholders of the several lines having ratified the agreement, and the proper legal steps having been taken to perfect the consolidation, the Pittsburgh., Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway Company came into existence, and subsequently absorbed the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley road.

ZANESVILLE & SOUTHEASTERN RAILWAY.- The subscribers to the stock of this railway had a meeting at tbeir room, over McCann Bros. & Hazlett's, October 24, 1881. The meeting was called to order by Mr. James Herdman. Mr. F. J. L. Blandy was elected Chairman, and John Hoge, Esq., Secretary. By-laws and rules pre- scribed by Col. Churchill were adopted, and then the meeting proceeded to the election of Direc- tors, with the following result : M. Churchill, James Herdman, Francis Wedge, W. A. Gra- ham, J. W. Pinkerton, George M. Jewett, John Whitney and Oliver Tucker, being elected.

Meeting of the Directors.-The first regular meeting of the Direetors of the Zanesville & Southeastern Railway was held at their rooms, at 7 o'clock of the day of organization. Present -Messrs. M. Churchill, James Herdman, W. A. Graham, Francis Wedge, J. W. Pinkerton, John Hoge, and John Whitney, of Morgan county. The Board organized by the election of

Amid the prosy pursuits of the historian few opportunities afford him equal pleasure to the privilege of reviewing something of the lives, the associations, the peculiarities and achievements of men who have worthily earned honored distinction on the scroll of fame, particularly as benefactors of the human family at large. In this relation it offers us pleasure to recognize the name of Dr. H. Schoene, of Zanesville, Ohio, who, together with his estimable son, J. Z. Schoene, under the firm style of Dr. H. Schoene & Son, are extensively engaged in the manufacture and circulation of a marvelous panacea for almost every ailment in life, and extensively known as Dr. Schoene's Invaluable Vegetable Pain Destroyer, the Great Ohio Liniment and Anti-Dyspeptic. The Doctor, as his name infers, is a native of Germany, where he received a liberal education, espousing citizenship under the " glorious stars and stripes" in 1849. Ever having been an apt scholar and diligent student in the pursuit of botany, coupled with the scientific application of Esculapius' art, he has perfected an absolute miracle in the grand remedy referred to. For over thirty-five years has his Great Vegetable Pain Destroyer been before the public, and to-day stands a veritable panacea for every human ill.

The Doctor is remarkably retired and unassuming in private life, being a great reader and close student in nature's broad garden. To this may be largely ascribed the wonderful success of his great remedy, particularly as he assumes no active professional practice outside the manufacture of his specialty preparations. He also has an extensive sale for his Sure and Safe Cure for Worms, as also Dr. Schoene's Anti-Bilious and Liver Pills, the whole of which preparations are put up with a scrupulous oare and neatness absolutely un-equaled by any other reliable standard preparations in America. The greatest feature with Dr. Schoene's preparations is the fact that they have never required the backing of capital, or yet been dependent upon advertising for notoriety, but in long years past have won their own renown, and engrafted themselves so thoroughly into public confidence that the demand for them, in this day, actually taxes his energies to the utmost to keep pace with the increasing demand In comparative humble, rural seclusion, he conducts his studies, researches, and the functions of his laboratory, with the great God of Nature for his sole guide and instructor, while Providence seems to boun- tifully bless his labors. Well may the human family accord to him such universal confidence, and his preparations such bountiful patronage, as from past and present indications they are yet destined to a National reputation second to no other specifics ever yet introduced to the public.

Col. M. Churchill, President ; James Herdman, Vice President ; W. A. Graham, Treasurer ; John Hoge, Secretary.

After the discussion of some private business, it was agreed that the different townships along the line must come up with their respective amounts in donations and subscriptions before any positive steps would be taken to build the road. The meeting then adjourned,subject to the call of the President.

MUSKINGUM COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY— FIRST EXHIBITION—OHIO STATE FAIR—THE OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION—EASTERN MUSKINGUM AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY—POMOLOGY—THE MUSKINGUM COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE MUSKINGUM COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.—This Society was organized January 21, 1848, under an Act of the Legislature " for the encouragement of agriculture, passed February 28, 1846.

The Board of Managers, acting in conjunction with these officers, were : Caleb Hall, of Blue Rock township ; Matthew Gillespie, of Springfield township ; Philo Buckingham, of Wayne township ; Benjamin Wheeler, of Zanesville ; Isaac Dillon, of Fall township ; all of whom are dead.

The first formal exhibition, or fair, under the auspices of this society, was held in the autumn of 1848, although informal exhibitions of the agricultural interests of the county, were held in two or three preceding years. There are no records in possession of the present officers of the society of its proceedings from the time of organization, until 1865. In that year, James Buckingham was President, Valentine Best was Treasurer and F. A. Seborn was Secretary.

The first exhibition of the society was held in the old Market House. The first fair grounds were situated in Springfield township, on what is now known as Luck avenue, and comprised about twenty acres of ground, the same now owned by Howard Stanberry. These grounds, proving too small, were sold, and the present beautiful and commodious tract, situate about a half mile south of the former site, on the old Cooper Mill road, was purchased, and the necessary buildings erected.

During the war of the Rebellion, the fairs were discontinued several years, and the fair grounds made a military camp, designated " Camp Goddard," in honor of General Charles B. Goddard. December 23, 1865, the Board of Directors organized and elected the following officers :

From this date, the society has held regular annual fairs. In December, 1866, the Board of Directors elected the following officers :

In 1867, these officers were re-elected, excepting the President, to which place Valentine Best was chosen.

F. A. Seborn served as Secretary continuously more than ten years, and to him, more than to any other man, is due the prosperity of the society. He originated the present method of book-keeping, which was adopted by the society.

In 1874, the officers were continued, except that T. F. Spangler was chosen Secretary.

From 1874 to 1881, the officers remained the same, except the Treasurer, Mr. Poundstone, who declined to serve, and Charles Gorsuch was elected in 1876.

At the meeting of the Directors in January, 1881, the President, John M. Lane, whose term extended into 1882, announced his intention of resigning his position in the Board, and his office as President (which he had filled for ten years), giving as his reason for so doing, that age precluded that active interest in the affairs of the society, that he deemed necessary.

Mr. Lane was largely instrumental in clearing off the heavy indebtedness of the society ; and during his administration, the fair grounds were very greatly improved, and he left the society in the ownership of most excellent fair

grounds, embracing about forty-three acres of land, said to be worth from fifteen to twenty thousand dollars.

The first premium list of the society amounted to four hundred dollars. The list of premiums for 1881, aggregated nearly three thousand dollars. The premiums being increased, the society has prospered.

At the annual election of five members of the Board, September 8th, 1881, during the fair, the Directors whose terms expire in 1881, were re- elected by handsome majorities.

The Directors re-elected were : J. B. Tannehill, T. J. Spangler, H. C. Chappelear, J. B, Milhons.

THE EASTERN MUSKINGUM AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.—This Society was organized the 7th of August, 1889, and elected the following persons as officers :

Marshals of the Association—W. J. Mason, J. Cline, T. Stewart, Joseph White, Thomas Marshall and Jesse Wortman.

The first fair was given September 29, 1880, on grounds near Norwich, owned by L. D. Stoner, and was well attended. The receipts were near four hundred dollars, and the society had a surplus of eighty-nine dollars in the Treasury, after paying all expenses.

April 23d, 1881, the society formed a stock company, for the ensuing five years, the mem- bership paying ten dollars each, for the pur- poses named. The company organized with sixty-five members, and elected the following officers :

And a Board of Directors as follows : J. White, T. Stewart, D. Hadden, W. P. Self, James Geyer, Jr., R. Buchanan and Alfred Wymer.

This organization leased grounds of L. D. Stoner, and propose erecting permanent build- ings thereon, for the purpose of holding annual fairs.

POMOLOGY AND THE MUSKINGUM COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY [BY JOHN GILBERT] .—A century ago, one looking over the grand old for- ests of Eastern and Central Ohio, would scarcely have thought of fruit as a feature of the landscape. Once this land had been occupied by the semi-nomadic mound builders. They, it might have been supposed, would have ornamented those mounds, we see around us, with some fruit-bearing tree or vine, new to the region. They died and left no such sign. Pomona had planted a few grape and strawberry vines, and where she could find room had cultivated a few papaws, and had been quite generous in the distribution of nuts and blackberries, and the supply was often beyond the demand, since the squirrels and birds, and a few wandering red men, were the only customers.

Old Time yawned lazily under the great trees, scarcely noting the eventful days as they expand- ed into weeks, months, years, and ages, but about a hundred years ago, a sharp, ringing sound, an unknown voice, came echoing through the forest strongholds, which startled him as with an electric touch, and he knew instinctively that a revolution was at hand. The white man had come. He carried a rifle—an insignificant toy— but the deadly weapon, whose voice awakened Old Time, and sent a despairing shiver through the heart of the huge trunk of the lordly oak, was this invader's pitiless axe. The fire, another agency almost as destructive, was engaged as an ally, and blackened patches appeared in the woodland, in which sprang up rude cabins, shade- less and grim as the stumps about them. These clearings, ever widening as they steadily en- croached upon the forest domain, grew gradually softer in their features. They bore corn and veg- etables, and supported life of man and beast ; but it was a homely and prosaic life. Fruit—Po- mona's generous gift, the poetry of food—was lacking.

An eccentric philanthropist, a Santa Claus in buckskins—they called him "Johnny Appleseed" —following the forest trails, sought out the little homesteads in Muskingum and adjoining coun- ties. The pioneer, dimly guessing at the value of the precious seeds he gave them, planted them in the rich virgin soil, and ere long the prospective Edens had something to tempt the youthful Eves and Adams of those primitive days,

These forest openings expanded and began to touch each other. Isolated life was passing away. People reached out and grasped the hands of neighbors, and there were common interests ; the social instinct asserted itself. They coveted fruit and flowers. The horticulturist is by act, and should be by intuition, a philanthropist, as well as a utilitarian, with thought of pleasing his friends, as well as himself; even if he begin with a selfish end in view, his occupation and experi- ence will develop generosity, if there is a spark of manliness in his nature. These nobler in- stincts led to consultations and plans, and mutual assistance for the introduction of more and bet- ter fruit, and, naturally enough, the acquisition of the apple orchard was the first thought. There was abundant room for large ones, for the old allies, the axe and the fire, had never ceased from their warfare. The grand old forests dwindled into isolated groves, and seemed not only likely to be annihilated, but considered as a myth of legendary days. Population began to crowd against itself, even in rural life. Individual enterprises,

with better facilities than of old, were introducing new varieties of fruit. The delicate peach accepted their invitation, with modest timidity, and, for her charming grace, was crowned queen of summer fruits. Some aristocratic strawberry families, after traveling abroad and graduating in eastern pomological universities, came back, to put to shame by their magnificence, the simple charms of their rustic cousins at home. The accomplished French pears came over the seas and banished, by their courtly presence, the boorish roughs of the backwoods varieties. The grape fraternity, by immigration and mutual improvement association, became refined in horticultural morals. The great apple family, with a record coeval with the advent of humanity, reformed their habits, and have ceased to tempt mankind to their ruin.

Pomona was amazed at the diversity of feature and disposition of her numerous children, and in ecstacies over their varied accomplishments. She found homes in Muskingum county for every variety of fruit that can be grown in the temperate zone. Some are nestling on sunny hillsides, and in the warm valleys ; many more prefer the free air of the hill-tops, while some indolent spring-sleepers choose northern exposures for a home. The diversified scenery affords a choice for all.

Agriculture has, indeed, its poetic side. The fruit raiser is an actor in a perpetual romance. From the time of the exuberant blossoming of trees and vines, to the development and consummation of fruitage, he dwells in an elysium of beauty, fragrance, and luxury.. It is not strange, therefore, that horticulture became fascinating— drawing to itself the best and most generous of the agriculturists. Although its practical working became complicated, as the vast array of fruit varieties demanded recognition, and admission into the best circles of pomological society. Caution became necessary, to guard against the admission of vagabond adventurers, as well as to encourage respectable fruit families to settle. Thoughtful people saw the advantage of mutual help in welcoming friends and keeping out intruders. Such aid, to be permanently useful, needs organization ; hence, it was determined to form a "horticultural society." We will look in upon one of their meetings on a summer day. The host greets us with cordial welcome ; the scene is festive. Beneath the great shade trees, on chairs, benches, and rustic seats, we meet the reverend sire, the stately matron, the middle-aged manliness, and youth in vigor, graceful maidenhood, and happy childhood. In the centre of this joyous throng is Pomona's shrine. The tables groan with offerings. The finest of all the fruits are there, and, as if conscious objects of admiration; they look their best, in honor of their respective donors, and in emulation of each other. The president is affable, everybody is genial, and we are with friends, All questions relating to fruit raising, the best varieties, the adaptability of soil anti climate, the dangers from insects, frost and drouth, are, from time to time, thoroughly discussed. One may learn much of the art of husbandry, as well as fruit. Meanwhile there are croquet parties, and young people find pleasant walks in shady groves, in orchards and gardens —we need not think they waste time—good husbandry may come of that, too ! In due time the great picnic feast is spread ; offerings of fruit are made, and there is no lack of tempting viands. The envious sun now seems in haste to leave us, and, unless we wish to linger with those who will prolong the festivities into the night, the time to part has come.

Among those who have given attention to fruit growing in "ye olden time" were John McIntire, John Mathews, Isaac Van Horne, John Townsend, William Culbertson, Isaac Dillon, Charles Gilbert, Seth Adams, and Rev. C. Springer. Of the present day, Thomas McLees, C. Hall, Levi Scott, N. F. Claypool, James Heenan, Martin Hoosan, John Granger, and Henry Gray.

The Muskingum County Horticultural Society was organized about seventeen years ago, by Messrs. Imlay, Graham, G. W. Townsend, J. Jacobs Moore, Dr. Hildreth and others. Mr. Imlay was the first President ; G. W. Townsend, the first Secretary.

WAVERLY CONGLOMERATES AT BLACK HAND THE STRATA OF COAL MEASURES AT HIGH HILL, MEIGS TOWNSHIP, AND IN THE VALLEY OF JONATHAN'S CREEK—NO WIDE MARKED CONGLOMERATE AT THE BASE OF THE COAL MEASURES 1N MUSKINGUM COUNTY—A GREATER OR LESS DEVELOPMENT OF NEARLY EVERY COAL SEAM 1N THE SECOND GEOLOGICAL DISTRICT FOUND 1N MUSKINGUM COUNTY—A SEAM OF COAL UNDER PUTNAM HILL—PUTNAM HILL LIMESTONE FOUND THROUGHOUT THE COUNTY—COAL SEAM 1N BRUSH CREEK TOWNSHIP FOUR FEET THICK— THE LARGEST DEPOSIT OF LIMESTONE 1N NEWTONVILLE ANd VICINITY—FOSSILIFEROUS LIMESTONE IN NEWTON TOWNSHIP—MUSKINGUM COUNTY MUCH BETTER SUPPLIED WITH LIMESTONE THAN MANY COUNTIES OF THE STATE— 1RON ORE OF EXCELLENT QUALITY— DRIFT TERRACES ALONG THE BANKS OF THE MUSKINGUM GEOLOGICAL SECTION NEAR THE FORKS OF MILL RUN 1N THE CORPORATE LIMITS OF ZANESVILLE —ANALYSIS OF 1RON ORE ON SLAGO'S RUN—GEOLOGICAL SECTION ON THE ADAMSVILLE ROAD —ALSO ON PUTNAM HILL—SIDERITE ORE FROM IVES' RUN, ZANESVILLE—OBSERVATIONS OF GEOLOGISTS—DRIFT—THE TERRACES IN THE OLDEN TIME—COAL FORMATION—THE PRODUCTIVE COAL MEASURES—THE MANUFACTURE OF 1RON—THE PROCESS OF MAKING STEEL.

The subjoined report is by E. B. Andrews, Assistant Geologist. Chapter XII., Vol. 1, Page 314, et seq. Geological survey of Ohio, 1873.

"Only that part of the county which lies south of the Central Ohio railroad, belongs to the Second Geological District."

In many respects, this county is one of the most interesting in the district to the geologist. It presents a greater vertical range of strata than any other county. As we descend the valley of the Licking river, from Licking county, we find the Waverly sandstone group dipping but slight- ly to the southeast, probably not more than ten or twelve feet per mile, and, as a consequence of this slight dip, we find the upper member of the group which overlies the Waverly conglomerate, seen at Black Hand, extending to the neighborhood of Pleasant Valley, before it passes beneath the surface. Upon the Logan, or Upper Waverly, rest the proper coal measures, which, from that point, extend to the eastern line of the coun- ty beyond. By careful measurements, we find, as we climb higher and higher in the series, that on reaching the top of High Hill, in Meigs town- ship, we have surmounted one thousand and ninety feet of the strata of the coal measures. Another interesting fact is revealed in the valley of Jonathan's Creek, in the township of Newton, in the existence of Newtonville limestone, which lies at the base of the coal measures. The Newtonville limestone is the equivalent of the Maxville limestone, found at Maxville, in the south- western part of Perry county. It is always found resting upon the Logan or Upper Waverly, or in close proximity to it. The dip of the strata from the western edge of the coal field, in western Per- ry county, is so slight that even the very base of the measures has not been carried down below drainage in the deep Jonathan Creek Valley. East of the Muskingum river, the dip is greater, as seen in the coal mines. But not far from the east line of Muskingum county we find, in places, evidence of a reversed dip. If we follow the line of the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley Railroad from the west, we find at Bremen, the Logan, or Upper Waverly strata, at the base of all the hills, while at the tunnel, east of New Lexington, we are several hundred feet up in the coal measures. From the east, in the low valley of the Moxahala, we find between the railroad and Newtonville, the Newtonville limestone, which rests upon the Upper Waverly. We thus pass upon the Upper Waverly over several hundred feet of coal measures, and down to the Wa- verly again. The Newtonville limestone is one of the most interesting deposits in the State. It contains many characteristic fossils, by which its equivalency with the lower carboniferous lime- stone of the west has been determined. Prof. Meek, who has studied the fossils, regarded them as those characterizing the Chester and St. Louis groups, of Illinois and Missouri.

There is not found, generally, any wide mark- ed conglomerate at the base of the coal measures in Muskingum county. The conglomerate at Black Hand, which was formerly regarded as a coal measures conglomerate, proves to belong to the Waverly formation, as has been shown in former reports. This Waverly conglomerate is a well marked sub-division of the Waverly group, and has a wide extent.

In Muskingum county, we find, in a greater or less development, nearly every leading coal seam in the Second Geological District. Many seams, thick elsewhere, are very thin here, and in one or two instances we find seams, thin elsewhere, un- usually thick here. This continuity of seams in the same geological horizons, shows how wide-spread were the coal-producing marshes. The lowest coal seams, of which there are three in Jackson county, of great purity and value, are represented in Muskingum county, only by the merest traces of coal. No seam of coal of much value is found until we rise in the upward series to the vicinity of the Putnam Hill limestone, under which is a seam of coal, generally thin, and often wanting altogether, but sometimes increasing to a good workable thickness. This is Mr. Porter's coal, in Hopewell township.

Putnam Hill limestone is everywhere found in the county at its proper geological horizon, and is an excellent geological guide in finding the po- sitions of strata above and below it.

The next seam of coal above the Putnam Hill limestone, thick enough for working, is what is, in Perry county, termed the lower New Lexing- ton seam. * * The upper New Lexington coal seam is the equivalent of the Nelsonville seam, and of the great seam at Straitsville, and in the Upper Sunday Creek Valley, having in its wide extent through southern Ohio, various fortunes of thickness and quality. Both the upper and lower New Lexington seams are mined near Zanesville.

Higher up, we find only traces of the Norris, or Middle seam, of the Sunday Creek Valley. Above this, we have, in the Alexander coal, the representative of a seam widely spread. The Alexander coal is in some places over six feet thick. In Brush Creek township, there is a seam seventy feet above the Alexander seam, which is reported to be four feet thick. In other counties a seam is found on this horizon, but it was not found elsewhere in Muskingum county. About fifty feet higher, or 120 feet above the Alexander seam, is a well defined coal seam, ever holding its true place in the series, but it is generally quite tbin. This seam is found in Guernsey county, but not in Morgan. About forty-five feet higher is another seam thick enough to warrant mining for local use, a seam found in several counties, but generally quite thin. This is twenty-five or thirty feet below the wide-spread fossiliferous limestone, which I have called the Ames limestone, from Ames township, Athens county, where it is developed, and was first described by Dr. Hildreth, in the old Geological Reports. This limestone is about 140 feet below the Pomeroy seam of coal. The Pomeroy seam is thin in the southern part of Muskingum county, but it is generally seen in its horizon. This seam is to be traced to Gallia county on the southwest, and to Bellaire and Wheeling on the east, and the Pennsylvania geologists have traced it to Pittsburgh, and identified it with the

Pittsburgh and Youghiogheny seam. In western Pennsylvania, several hundred feet of strata below the Pittsburgh seam, are destitute of coal seams of practical value, and hence are called the barren coal measures. In Ohio, at least the Second Geological District, we find more or less coal in this interval. The Nelsonville, or Straitsville seam, is 420 feet below the Pittsburgh seam, and we often find two and three valuable seams above the Nelsonville one.

About thirty feet above the Pomeroy coal, are traces in Muskingum county of another coal seam, which is seen in several counties, but with frequent interruptions of continuity. Not far from t00 feet above the Pomeroy seam, is another of wide range, which I have called the Cumber- land, from Cumberland, Guernsey county, where it is the chief seam worked. The Cumberland seam I have traced through Athens, Morgan, Muskingum, Noble, Washington, Monroe, Guernsey and Belmont counties, and it is a seam of great importance. About 115 feet above the Cumberland seam, is one of limited thickness, but of reported good quality, found on High Hill, in Meigs township, Muskingum county. This is the highest seam found in the county, and is 945 feet above the top of the Waverly formation.

Thus we have, in thicker or thinner development, representation, within the limits of the county, of nearly every important seam of coal in the coal measures of southern Ohio. Of some of these, as of the lower Jackson county coals, we have only hints, but these hints are very significant in showing the wide range of the ancient coal-producing marshes. As each marsh, in which the coal grew, skirted in the ancient ocean, it held its range upon a water line. As such marsh settled down below the ocean, sands and mud were deposited over it, and a new surface formed for a new marsh. The subsidence being regular and uniform, these marshes form seams of coal which show a natural and almost necessary parallelism.

The largest deposit of limestone is that at Newtonville and vicinity, which is the more interesting because it is the finest representative in Ohio of the great lower Carboniferous limestones of Illinois and Missouri. There is a fossiliferous limestone eighty feet above the Newtonville deposit in Newton township. This was mistaken by one of-my 'assistants in 1869, for the Putnam Hill stratum, a mistake which has led to some confusion. The true Putnam Hill limestone is seventy--two feet higher. Both of these seams are found at Zanesville, (Putnam Hill,) the lower being in the bed of the Muskingum at the mouth of the Licking river, and the upper in the Putnam Hill above the dug-way. In the eastern part of the . county are other limestone seams, which are higher in the geological series. * * * Some of these limestones are more soluble under atmospheric agencies than others, hence are more valuable in their fertilizing influence upon soils. Muskingum county is much better supplied with limestone than very many counties of the State. The limestone of Putnam Hill seam is used successfully in the blast furnaces at Zanesville as a flux.

Iron ores, of excellent quality, are much more abundant in this county than was formerly supposed. These ores, with analysis of many, will be noticed in the detailed examinations of the townships.

The most interesting feature of the surface geology of the county, is the system of drift terraces along the banks of the Muskingum river, the materials of which have been brought from regions to the north. It is my opinion that much the larger part of the materials forming these terraces came down the Muskingum, and not down the Licking, but I may be mistaken in this.

The following geological section was taken on the land of J. Granger, near the forks of Mill Run, in the corporate limits of Zanesville :

Feet

Inches

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

Shale

Coal

Clay

Coal

Not exposed

Coal

Clay

Sandstone quarried

Coal

Sandstone

Shale

Laminated sandstone

Shale

Putnam Hill limestone

Clay

Sandstone

The observations of geologists have shown that the m.e.terials which compose the earth's crust form three distinct classes of rocks, the igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Of these, the first class includes those that are the direct product of fusion. These are divided into two subordinate groups, volcanic and plutonic, of which the first includes such as are produced by volcanic eruption, lava in its different forms, pummice, obsidian, trachite, etc. The second class of igneous rocks, the plutonic, comprising those massive rocky forms which are without distinct bedding, have apparently been completely fused, and yet were probably never brought to the surface by volcanoes. Having consolidated under great pressure, they are dense and compact in structure, never exhibiting the porous and incoherent condition which is so characteristic of the purely volcanic rocks. The plutonic rocks are granite in some of its varieties, svenite, porphyry, and part but not all, of basalts, diorites and dolerites (green stones.)

None of these igneous rocks are found in any place within the State of Ohio, though they exist in vast quantities in the mining districts of the West, and on the shores of Lake Superior. From the latter region, numerous fragments were brought to us during the Glacial period, and they constitute a prominent feature in the drift deposits that cover so large a. part of our State.

DRIFT.-After the valleys eroded as they now exist, many of them were filled with what is termed "drift" materials, which are chiefly water worn pebbles and bowlders, sand, and sometimes clays. The principal outspread of the drift, is in the northwestern part of the dis- trict in the Scioto Valley, and near the sources of the Hocking and Licking rivers. In this region, the surface of the earth is almost wholly covered with superficial deposits, brought from the north. Some of the materials are not found within the State, but come from beyond the lakes. Limestone bowlders and gravel show, from their

contained fossils and lithographic character, that they originally came from the corniferous limestone, a formation well developed in the northern part of the State. All the streams which have their sources within the great drift region of the central and northern part of the State, have carried down more or less of the drift materials, and deposited them in sand bars and sandy flats. These now constitute the well known terraces of the Scioto, Hocking and Muskingum rivers. The Ohio river is also bordered by these terraces, the materials having been largely brought to it, by its northern affluents. The tributaries to the Ohio from the South, as the Little and Great Kenawhas, have no such terraces. The same is true of all the smaller Ohio tributaries, such as Raccoon, Little Muskingum and Duck Creek, which do not have their heads in the central drift region.

In the terraced drift we find two classes of materials, the hard and the comparatively soft. The former is composed of diorytes and granitoid forms, quartzites and other metamorphic rocks, and the cherty portions of limestones. The latter is made up of softer sandstones, slates and bituminous coals. I have found small bowlders of fine. grained Waverly sandstones, which,

for fineness of texture, and softness under the chisel, and perfection of color, I have never seen surpassed. Their original home was in the Waverly formation, and not very far to the north, for such is the softness of the material, that they could not long have survived the friction of rolling, in currents of water, surrounded by harder bowlders, much less the more wasting friction of propulsion by glaciers, under enormous ice pressure. We sometimes find similar soft material only very slightly eroded.

In the large terrace formed at the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers, on which the town of Marietta is built, we often find large quantities of pebbles of bituminous coal. Bushels could sometimes be taken from a single spot, of all sizes, from four inches in diameter downward. Bituminous coal being soft and easily eroded, the coal of these pebbles must have been torn from its native seam at some point in our Ohio coal measures, but a short distance up the Muskingum, probably not above Zanesville. It has been estimated that the lumps of coal of medium size, dropped into the Ohio river from steamboats and barges, are worn away to nothing in rolling on the bottom, a distance of from fifty to one hundred miles. Pebbles and bowlders of Ohio coal measure sandstone are also often found in the drift terraces on the Muskingum. It will be remembered that this river holds its course chiefly within the limits of the coal formation.

The highest elevation on which I have found drift bowlders is on the summit of Flint Ridge, Licking county, which is 17o feet above the adjacent valley. To this add fifty feet as the estimated elevation of the base of the ridge above Newark, and we have bowlders 220 feet above Newark, and 174 above Zanesville, and 490 above Marietta, and 729 above Cincinnati.

The terraces in the olden time presented great attractions to the Mound Builder race. We everywhere find on them earth works, in the form of mounds, elevated squares, walls and ditches. Being dry and sandy, the surface could be easily removed and accumulated in their various structures. To, the profound questions of .the ethnologist, who the mound builders were, whence they came, and whither they went, we can only reply that they once lived here, here cultivated the soil, here worshiped, perhaps with the solemn rites of human sacrifice,, here planned and executed mighty works of organized labor, and then passed away. We find their temples, and fortresses, and tombs.

COAL FORMATION.-It is probable that there was a long period of repose and freedom from those dynamic agencies of subsistence which de press the crust of the earth, and after the deposition of the vast sandy flats now constituting the Waverly strata. During this period, there was doubtless more or less erosion of the surface, and it was brought into comparatively un even condition. Whether the thin beds of the Maxville limestone were deposited before this erosion took place, and so shared in it as now to be left in isolated patches, or were deposited at first in limited basins, is as yet undetermined.

Passing upward in the series, we reach the Productive Coal measures. In places, however; we find an intervening conglomerate.

The transition from the Waverly to the coal- measures, shows an entire change in the lithological character of the strata, and in the methods of distribution of the sedimentary materials. The Waverly materials were evidently derived from some shore where there was great lithological sameness, and they were spread with wonderful evenness upon the ocean floor. This floor was level to begin with, for it was formed by the evenly accumulated mass of semi-organic matter, which now constitutes the great Ohio black slate, or Huron shales. The materials of sand and clays would not, of necessity, be evenly spread, because their accumulation so perfectly balanced the general subsidence as to" keep the incoming materials always in shallow water, and hence, just where the leveling power of the waves would be the greatest.

The conglomerate is, in Jackson county, a very remarkable deposit of sand and pebbles. In some. places, it is over one hundred and thirty feet thick, resting upon the Waverly, and, in a short distance, it is completely thinned out to nothing. The pebbles are often a mass of white quartz, or perfectly pure quartzite, sometimes with a diameter of several inches. They tell a tale off rough water and powerful currents. But such deposits are local, and I find no proof whatever that a conglomerate stratum constitutes the regular and continuous floor on which the productive coal- measures of the second district were laid. I find in Ohio, many conglomerates in the coal-measures at different horizons, none, indeed, so coarse as the one sometimes found resting on the Waverly, but they all have a limited horizontal range.

They thin out and pass into finer sandstones, and often into shales formed of fine sedimentary mud. In the coal-measures of the second district, no sand rock, so far as I know, extends through the whole line of the out-crop of the formation. Both, conglomerates and finer grained sandstones, are very uncertain in their horizontal ranges. The same is true of the shales and clays. We have almost all possible forms of sedimen- tary materials, and in almost all possible conditions of deposition. Hence, frequent changes are to be met with along the same geological horizon. The only strata showing continuity over great horizontal spaces, are the coal seams, with their under-clays, and certain fossiliferous lime- stones. The unfossiliferous lime-stones of the productive coal-measures, which were deposited as a calcareous mud, are of very limited horizontal extent. The unusually thick group of lime- stones over the Wheeling coal, at Wheeling, West Virginia, and at Bellaire, in Belmont county, Ohio, are scarcely found further west in Muskingum county, and to the southwest, in Meigs county, they have no representative, whatever. We may find lime-stones of this class, from ten to thirty feet thick, in one place, and a few miles away, in the same horizon, there is not a trace of them to be found. They were formed of calcareous mud, and follow, in their distribution, the same laws of distribution of the other mud rocks of the coal-measures. None of them were of deep water origin, for they not only sometimes exhibit surface dried cracks, but they are found between, and in ,proximity to, seams of coal which were sub-aerial in their origin. All the various strata which constitute the filling in of the spaces between seams of coal, whether formed from gravels, sands, clays, or limestones, excepting three or four fossiliferous limestones, are subject to all those changes which would be expected in off-shore deposits, where the not very far distant land afforded many kinds of materials, and where the waters, not very deep, were quiet in some places, and rough in others, and thus produced every possible variety of deposition.

The few fossiliferous lime-stones of the coal-measures, of which the Putnam Hill, Ferriferous, Cambridge and Ames lime-stones are the most important and interesting, were all formed, I think, in quite shallow, and, at the same time, quiet waters, from the accumulation of lime-secreting ani- mals. In each case there was, probably, an ar- rest of the progress of subsidence, long enough for the accumulation of calcareous organic matter to form the stratum of lime-stones, very much as in the formation of a seam of coal, there was an arrest of subsidence, and a pause long enough for the growth and accumulation of the vegetable matter constituting the coal. Some of these lime- stones were formed upon a sea-bed almost perfectly level and uniform, and show remarkable parallelism with each other, and with seams of coal. It is, however, the coal itself which pre- sents the most interesting object of investigation in the second district, and it is to this subject I have devoted the most attention. I shall present some of the results of my own independent observations, relative to the origin, varieties and uses of coals, believing, however, that the views are in essential harmony with the accepted opinions of our better geologists.

Notwithstanding the elaborate attempt of Bischoff, and others, to prove that coal is an accumu- lation of vegetable detritus, drifted by rivers and buried beneath accumulating sediment in the ocean, this view is not now accepted by any who have carefully studied the coal-seams in the coal- measures in America. Mr. Leo Lesquereux and Dr. Dawson have shown , as the result of careful and extended observations ,that the vegetation forming seams of coal grew where it is now buried, the only movement being downward in the general subsidence. Atter such subsidence, sedimentary materials were brought over the vegetable mass, filling up the water, so as to form, in time, a new sub-aerial surface, on which new vegetation took root and grew, to form, in time, when buried, another seam of coal. My own independent observations, continued through many years, convince .me that in no other way are the seams of coal, in our

coal-measures, formed. There is, moreover, every evidence that the vegetation grew upon marshy plains, more or less extensive, skirting the ocean, or, perhaps, often constituting low islands, not far from the ancient shore. This appears from the fact that slates and shales accompanying the coal, and in immediate proximity to it, often contain marine or brackish-water forms of later palwozoic life. These slates sometimes constitute partings in the coal-seam itself, and extend for miles, maintaining with wonderful exactness their stratigraphical position. These partings imply a temporary overflow, of the ancient marsh, by the ocean, and an even distribution of sediment, which, when compressed, constitutes the thin layer of slate, or clay. Besides, we find in the very coal itself, and especially in the can- nel portions of seams—for cannel coal is, so far as my observations go, only a local modification of a regular bituminous coal-seam—marine forms of ancient life, of which lingulx and fishes are, perhaps, most common. We also find, in some seams of coal, the evidence of tidal or other over- flow of the coal marsh, in beach-worn sticks, and various forms of wood, which now, changed to bi-sulphide of iron, are preserved in their original form, and lie in the coal as they were drifted into the old marsh. After the complete subsidence of the Whole marsh, we often find the proofs that trees, as sigillaria lepidodendron, and taller ferns were broken down where they grew by the in- coming waters, and buried on the spot by the sediments. I once traced the trunk of a sigillaria in the roof of a Pomeroy seam of coal, for a distance of more than forty feet. Thousands of the trunks of what Mr. Lesquereux takes,to be pecopteris arborescens are found in the slates over the same coal, lying in a horizontal burial, as they were bent or broken down by the waters, which also brought in their stormy winding sheet. In making almost thousands of geological sections in our coal-measures, I have found seams of coal always

THE works are located at the east end of Market street. The main building, now in process of erection, is eighty-five by twenty-four feet, is substantially built, with ample room for numerous employes. None but the most practical machinery is used in the construction of winding and straight stairways. The picturesque, ornamental and durable iron fencing is made from special designs by Mr. Allen, and are covered by letters patent, under the firm name of Allen & Munson.

maintaining such relations to what were the ancient water levels, that I am fully convinced that, in every case, the vegetation grew along the water line, and not far above it.

I have never found the slightest proof of the formation of a seam of coal over hills or high grounds. The parallelism of the seams, of which further mention will be made, forbids it. Doubt- less, vegetation of certain kinds grew upon the higher grounds, but this vegetation did not con- stitute seams of coal. It is plain, that whatever vegetable matter there might be on a hill-side, would, in the subsidence of the land, present to the waves of an encroaching sea an easy prey, and the trees and humbler plants would be torn from the exposed moorings, and be drifted away to rot upon the waters, or be buried in the sands of the beach.

Such drifted and buried trees are frequently found. Should there have been some high level plateau, upon which the vegetation grew, and which, in the subsidence, was let down below the water so evenly as to prevent the waters from tearing the vegetable materials away, it is still doubtful whether, on such high and dry areas, there would have been any considerable accumulation of vegetable matter, the decay so equaling the growth that, in reality, there would have been no materials for a true seam of coal.

While in the vegetation forming the coal seams upon marshy savannahs skirting the ocean, we find constant proof that the continuity of the marsh was often broken by intervening water, so that the seam of coal is frequently interrupted. In the subsequent subsidence, these water spaces were filled Up with sands, or clays, which are now hardened and compressed into shales and sandstones. But, if we have a marsh at one point, which continued long enough to allow of the accumulation of vegetable matter sufficient for a considerable seam of coal, the presumption is, that, on that exact horizon, we shall find that there were other areas above the water, on which vegetation also grew, and thus, along one water line, there be formed a seam of coal, varying in its features of thickness and quality, ranging, with many interruptions, through many counties, and, perhaps, hundreds of miles. A long period of rest from downward movement, such as the growth and accumulation of a thick seam of coal imply, almost necessitates the fact that, during that long period, wherever there were along the water line, areas of low land, whether insular or continental fringes, on which vegetation might take root and grow, there would be such growth, and, consequently, a seam of coal.

When the subsidence took place, by which the marsh, or marshes, of one horizontal line were lowered beneath the water, the presumption is, that such subsidence would be an even and regu- lar one. We can hardly suppose that, within any limited area, there would be any considerable ir- regularity in the sinking—any irregular plunges downward, here and there, so as to tilt at various angles the plane of the coal. The subsidence was, of course, greater in some districts than in others.

In Nova Scotia, there are 14,570 feet of productive coal-measures, with over eighty distinct seams of coal. In Eastern Pennsylvania, 3,000 feet are reported ; while in Southern Ohio, the highest coal seam yet found is about 1,50o feet above the Waverly sandstone, upon which, at places, a coal seam, with its under-clay, is found to rest, with no intervening conglomerate. It is, also, entirely possible that, when any large areas of any one coal field are carefully investigated, it will be found that some portion of such large area may have had a somewhat more rapid subsidence than the rest. But, as a rule, the subsidence was so regular that two seams of coal, each formed in its water line, are found to present an almost per- fect parallelism. For exarnIple, in Ohio, the Nelsonville seam of coal is found, in the vertical se- ries, to be about four hundred and twenty feet below the Pomeroy seam, the equivalent of the Wheeling and Pittsburgh seam. These two seams range through many counties, and everywhere the interval between them is the same. The same is true of all our other well defined and continu- ous seams. One careful measurement of the in- terval between two seams iS so excellent a guide that, either seam being 'found, the place of the other can readily be determined. There may be difficulty in ascertaining the exact interval, be- cause there may be considerable horizontal dis- tance between the exposures of the seams; and calculations must generally be made for the dip, usually an unknown term ; but when the meas- urements are accurate, the parallelism is perfect and beautiful. There is a little play of variation, sometimes, but it is generally very slight. In limited areas, the downward movement could hardly be otherwise than uniform. Even in cases of earthquake action, we generally find the areas of elevation or subsidence to be quite extensive. But there is no proof that, in the Coal Period, there was any intense earthquake action, nor any convulsive disturbances, which would give to the plane of a coal seam great irregularities in inclination. It must be remembered that the elevation of the Alleghanies, and the foldings of the Appalachian region, and. all the thousand undulations given to the strata of our coal fields were subsequent to the formation of our coal-measures. The results of the most careful observations in all our coal fields, create a reasonable belief that the subsidence was semi-continental in character, and that the crust of the earth settled down in an even and dignified way.

So far as my observations go, I have never found an instance where two distinct seams of coal came together, or conversely, where a seam became divided and its parts continued to diyerge for a long or indefinite distance. It is no