CHAPTER II.

(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE)

BENEVOLENT AND REFORMATORY INSTITUTIONS. - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. - THE OHIO PRESS. - OHIO IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. - GOVERNORS. - GLASS AND IRON MANUFACTURES. - CLIMATE.- POPULATION OF STATE AND CITIES.- THE "BUCKEYE STATE."- HISTORICAL BREVITIES.

LIBERAL provision for the care of the unfortunate classes has been made by Ohio. As early as 1829, and far in advance of many older States, an Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb was established. This was followed by an Asylum for the Blind, in 1837, one for the Insane in 1839, one for Idiots in 1857, a Reform School for Boys in 1857, an Industrial Home for Girls in 1869; to which have been added five asylums for the insane-the Northern, at Cleveland ; the Southern, at Dayton ; the Southeastern, at Athens; the Longview, at Cincinnati; and the Northwestern, at Toledo, the latter to succeed the Lucas County Asylum. The Longview Asylum, while belonging to Hamilton County, is largely occupied by State patients. Both white and colored insane are treated there. The Reform School for Boys is situated on a tract of 1,170 acres, six miles South of Lancaster. The inmates are boys sent there for crime or misdemeanor, and besides receiving literary instruction, they are employed in farm and other industrial work. The average detention of them is about two and one-half years. The Industrial Home is at White Sulphur Springs, Delaware County, on a tract of 189 acres of land. The inmates are girls sent by authority of Probate Courts for reasons of viciousness and incorrigibility, or for want of proper parental care. At the session of the Legislature for 1885-86, provision was made for an Intermediate Penitentiary, for the incarceration of convicts for first offense, and for crimes of lesser turpitude, the prison being located at Mansfield.

The first geological survey of the State was made in 1837m8, under direction of Prof. W. W. Mather. A second and more full survey was begun in 1869, and completed in 1874, by Prof. J. S. Newberry, assisted by E. B. Andrews, Edward Orton and John H. Klippart.

As shown by the census of 1880, there were then in Ohio 774 newspapers, of which 683 were printed in the English language, 89 in the German, one in the French and one in the Bohemian language. There were 57 religious papers, published for 17 different denominations. Of the whole, 56 were issued daily, 584 weekly, and the balance at various periods, 90 being monthly. Their aggregate circulation per issue in 1879, was 3,093,931 copies, of which 216,336 were by dailies, and 2,877,595 by weeklies and others.

Few States responded as promptly or as freely to the call of the Government for troops in defense of the Union, as did Ohio. Her volunteers were among the first at the front, and throughout the struggle their numbers were kept well filled, while their service was creditable alike to them and to the State they represented. The whole number of troops furnished by this State for the Union Army was 317,133, or, reduced to the three-years' standard, 239,976, making an aggregate of 719,928 years' service. Besides these, were large numbers of local troops, doing temporary service within the State and on the border. It so happened that Ohio was made even more conspicuous in the War for the Union by the relations which many of its most distinguished leaders bore to the State, among whom may be named Generals Grant, McPherson, Sherman, Sheridan, Rosecrans, Garfield, and others of more or less renown.

The Governors of Ohio and years of service have been as follows : Arthur St. Clair, 17881802; Charles W. Byrd, 1802-1803; Edward Tiffin, 1803-1807 ; Thomas Kirker, 1807-1808 ; Samuel Huntington, 1808-1810; Return J. Meigs, 1810-1814; Othniel Looker, 1814; Thomas Worthington, 1814-1818; Ethan Allen Brown, 1818-1822; Allen Trimble, 1822 ; Jeremiah Morrow, 1822-1826 ; Allen Trimble, 18261830; Duncan McArthur, 1830-1832; Robert Lucas, 1832-1836; Joseph Vance, 1836-1838; Wilson Shannon, 1838-1840; Thomas Corwin, 1840-1842 ; Wilson Shannon, 1842-1844; Thos. W. Bartley, 1844; Mordecai Bartley, 1844-1846; William Bebb, 1846-1848; Seabury Ford, 18481850; Reuben Wood, 1850-1854; William Medill, 1854-1856; Salmon P. Chase, 1856-1860; William Dennison, 1860-1862; David Tod, 1862-1864; John Brough, 1864-1865; Charles

12 - OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

Anderson, 1865-1866; Jacob D. Cox, 1866-1868; Rutherford B. Hayes, 1868-1872; Edward F. Noyes, 1872-1874; William Allen, 1874-1876; Rutherford B. Hayes, 1876-1877; Thomas L. Young, 1877-1878; Richard M. Bishop, 18781880; Charles Foster, 1880-1884; George Hoadley, 1884-1886; and J. B. Foraker, 1886-.

The earliest record of glass-making in Ohio, is of date of 1817, when ten glass-houses were in operation in the State. None were reported by the census of 1840; but six were found in 1850, four in 1860, and nine in 1870. The number in 1880 was 20, with a capital of $1,194,850, employing 1,688 hands, with a total product of $1,549,320.

The first venture in the iron industry in Ohio wag that of Daniel Heaton, in 1804. His furnace stood in Poland Township, now Mahoning County, where the present furnace of the Struthers Furnace Company stands. The next furnace in the State was that Robert Montgomery and John Struthers built in 1806. Of these establishments Mr. Struthers said "These furnaces were of about equal capacity, and would yield two and a half or three tons per day. The metal was principally run into moulds for kettles, bake-ovens, flat-irons, stoves, andirons and other such articles as the needs of a new settlement required, and any surplus into pigs, and sent to the Pittsburgh market." The Struthers furnace closed in 1807, and the Montgomery in 1812, by the drafting of its men into the army. The next venture of this sort was at Niles, Trumbull County, in 1809, by James Heaton, where was produced the first hammered bars in Ohio. Subsequently, at various dates, furnaces appeared-in 1816 at Middlebury and at Tallmadge, now Summit County; in Madison, now Lake County (the " Arcole " furnace), in 1825; and in Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Huron (now in Erie), and in Lorain Counties. These Lake shore establishments sprung from the deposits of bog-ore found in swales and swamps near, and generally to the North of a ridge of land which was probably once the shore of Lake Erie, and extended, with some interruptions, from the New York State line to the Huron River, the Westernmost furnace having been in Vermillion Township, now Erie County. One after another, these establishments were suspended, in consequence of the increasing cost of charcoal, their only fuel, and the cheaper product of regions possessing bituminous coal and larger deposits of iron. The first use of the new fuel in the State, was at Lowell, Ma. honing County, by Wilkeson, Wilkes & Co., in a blast furnace which was blown in on the 8th of August, 1846 This use of uncoked coal was followed by like use at various charcoal furnaces in the Mahoning valley and elsewhere. The discovery of the coal fields of Ohio and of the iron• ores of Lake Superior, joined to stimulate the iron product in this State to a high degree, the latter article being found highly valuable for mixture with Ohio ores. The first rolling mill in Cleveland (in 1855) was a plate-mill, worked a direct ore process, but was not a success. Rails were first re-rolled at Cleveland in 1856. In the census of 1870 and 1880, Ohio stands second in rank as an iron-producing State. The latter return shows that there were then in the State 134 iron and steel manufactories, with a capital of $25,144,294; employing 20,000 hands, at an annual cost of $8,265,070 in wages, with $34,918,360 worth of products. Pennsylvania had 366 establishments, with 58,000 hands, and $145,576,268 in products.

The climate of Ohio is subject to material changes, the extremes in temperature being from 16° below zero to 100° above, showing a range of 116°. The annual mean at Cleveland for ten years was 49.77°-that of January being 27.36°, and that of July, 72.57°, showing the annual range to be 45.21°. At Cincinnati, the average for sixteen years was found to be 54.670; the mean for January 31.20°, and for July 78.61°. The annual precipitation ranges from 33.24 inches at Kelley's Island, to 44.87 at Cincinnati. Observations for ten years at Cleveland, by G. A. Hyde, showed the annual maximum fall to be 48.91 inches in 1866, and the minimum to be 30.76 in 1863.

The population of the State and its rank in the Union as to population, as shown by the Federal census, have been as follows:

13 - POPULATION CHARTS FOR THE STATE OF OHIO.

14 - OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

On the occasion of the 45th anniversary of the settlement of Cincinnati, December 26, 1833, a " Buckeye dinner " was given. Dr. Daniel Drake, one of the oldest and most intelligent physicians of the West, gave an ingenious and humorous description of the Buckeye tree. He said it belonged to a family, of which but few existed. It was of the genus z AEsculus, belonged to the class Heptandria, signifying " seven men," and there were seven species of the genus, of which the Ohio species was the last discovered. Neither Europe nor Africa has a native species of AEsculus, and Asia but one, the AEsculus-Hippocastanum, or horse chestnut. Nearly 300 years previous, a minister from a Court in Western Europe, found this tree growing in Moscow, whither it bad been brought from Siberia, and, struck by its beauty, naturalized it in his own country, where it flourished and spread rapidly, reaching England, where it became a favorite. Dr. Drake said the qualities of our native " Ohiomensis," the " horse chestnut," made it the fit representative of the hardy pioneers of the "Buckeye State." It is eminently prolific, hardy, beautiful in leaf and blossom, a native, and grew nowhere else until transplanted, as it had been to considerable extent. Its slowness in combustion made it specially valuable to the pioneers for " back-logs " in their ample cabin fire-places, where it survived the burning of several supplies of " fore-sticks " and accompanying fuel. The medicinal qualities of the Buckeye are such, that if skillfully used, it is useful in fever and ague, but unskillfully employed, it is a violent emetic. As the earliest tree in foliage each spring, it was a fitting emblem of the advance-guard of the present millions in the " Buckeye State."

A few of the more prominent facts in the history of Ohio may be stated as follows

The first permanent settlement within the bounds of the State was made at Marietta early in the year 1788, and the second settlement at what was known as Columbia, near to the present site of Cincinnati, was made in the latter part of the same year.

The establishment of a Territorial Government was made by Congress in 1787, and was organized in July, 1788.

The first and only Territorial Governor was General Arthur St. Clair. The first County established in Ohio was Washington, by proclamation of Governor St. Clair, July 26, 1788. The three next Counties organized were Hamilton, Wayne and Adams, that of Wayne embracing all that portion of Michigan south of Mackinaw.

The first Court held within the State of Ohio met at Marietta, September 2, 1788.

The battle most disastrous to the peace and welfare of the white settlers was that of Governor St. Clair by the Indians, November 4, 1791, within the limits of Darke County.

The most important victory gained over the Indians was that of General Anthony Wayne, at Fallen Timbers, on the Maumee River, and now within the County of Lucas, August, 1794.

The first Territorial Legislature met at Cincinnati, September 16, 1799.

The State of Connecticut, May 30, 1801, ceded to the United States her claim to the territory since known as the Connecticut Western Reserve, extending from the Pennsylvania line to the Western boundary of Huron County, and embracing, substantially, the Counties of Ashtabula, Trumbull, Lake, Summit, Geauga, Cuyahoga, Lorain, Medina, Huron and Erie.

The first State Constitution was formed November, 1802, at Chillicothe, which had become the Capital of the Territory.

The first State election took place in January, 1803, the new State Government being in operation in March, following.

What was known as the." Burr Conspiracy," compassing the separation of the Southwestern States and their union with Mexico, to be seized by military and naval force, was fully organized and entered upon in the year 1806, and ended in the arrest of Burr and several associates in January, 1807.

The most important events in connection with the war of 1812-15, and occurring within the limits of Ohio, consisted of the successful defense of Fort Meigs, in May, and of Fort Stephenson, in August, 1813, and the victory of Perry over the British fleet, in September, same year.

The permanent location of the State Capital at Columbus was made in 1816.

The formal "breaking of ground" in the commencement of the great system of State Canals, took place at Newark, a point on the Ohio Canal (Cleveland to Portsmouth), July 4, 1825. Present and taking part in the cere-

HISTORICAL BREVITIES. - 15

monies, were Governor Jeremiah Morrow of Ohio, and Governor DeWitt Clinton, of New York.

The first definite steps toward a system of Public Schools, were taken in 1825.

The first Railway opened within the State was the Erie & Kalamazoo Road, in the fall of 1836. It extended from Toledo to Adrian, Mich,, a distance of 33 miles.

Ohio has furnished four Presidents of the United States-William H. Harrison, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes and James A. Garfield, the first and the last named of whom died in office, the former after a service of one month, and the latter six months after his inauguration. One Vice-President, Hendricks, of Indiana, was a native of Ohio. Two Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States were appointed from Ohio-Salmon P. Chase and Morrison R. Waite; as were three Associate Justices of the same-John McLean, Noah H. Swayne and Stanley Matthews. Four Secretaries of the Treasury of the United States -Thomas Ewing, Thomas Corwin, S. P. Chase and John Sherman-were citizens of Ohio while holding such office. Of such were three Secretaries of the Interior-Thomas Ewing, Jacob D. Cox and Columbus Delano; three Secretaries of War-John McLean, Benjamin Stanton and Alphonso Taft; two Attorneys General-Henry Stanbery and Alfonso Taft, and three Postmasters General-Return J. Meigs, John McLean and William Dennison.

Of those prominent in the military service of the United States during the War of the Rebellion (1861-65), the following were from Ohio: U. S. Grant, James B. McPherson, William T. Sherman, Phillip H. Sheridan, George B. McClellan, Irwin McDowell, Quincy A. Gilmore, Wager Swayne, James B. Steedmman and the McCook Brothers.

Among others from Ohio renowned for success in their respective spheres of activity, are Thomas A. Edison, the first Electrician of the age ; Dr. Hall, the great Arctic Explorer ; Professor O. M. Mitchell, the Astronomer, who died in the military service of his country. Of eminent Divines, may here be named Dr. Lyman Beecher, of the Congregational Church; Bishops Philander Chase and Charles P. Mcllvaine, of the Protestant Episcopal Church; Bishop Edward Thompson, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and President Finney, of Oberlin College.