HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY,

CHAPTER XVII.

TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY.

LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY-PRE-GLACIAL CHANNELS - THE DRIFT-OIL WELLS-TIMBER-COAL MEASURE ROCKS-GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE-WAVERLY CONGLOMERATE-STONE QUARRIES PETROLEUM AND GAS-DEPTH OF OIL WELLS-NEFF PETROLEUM COMPANY.

KNOX county is a continuation of the Southern slope of the table land which separates the waters of Lake Erie from those of the Ohio river. It is bounded on the north by Richland and Ashland counties, on the east by Holmes and Coshocton counties, on the south by Licking county, and on the west by the counties of Delaware and Morrow. Its relative position to the State places it almost in the geographical centre. Its' surface presents a succession of hills, in part rugged and steep where influenced by the coal measure rocks and the Waverly conglomerate; in part symmetrically rounded, and of graceful outlines, where composed of the olive shales of the Waverly. These hills are all intersected by narrow ravines in which flow the tributaries of the larger streams, the latter uniformly occupying ancient valleys of erosion, and bordered by alluvial plains. This ancient river system of the county is very accurately defined. There are four distinct traces of these pre-glacial channels running through the county.

The west channel enters the county from Richland, near the centre of the north line of Berlin township, and runs in nearly a southerly direction to the middle of the township, thence bearing southwest to near Fredericktown, thence in a south easterly direction through Morris to Mount Vernon, on through Clinton, Miller, Morgan, and into Licking county, near Utica.

A second channel is traced through Richland county, and enters Knox county near the northeast corner of Brown township, thence nearly south into Howard, thence in a southwesterly direction through Howard to the northwest corner of Harrison, bearing a little to the west, running through the northwest corner of Harrison, touching the southeast corner of Pleasant, thence enters Clay at the northeast corner of the township, and enters Licking county from the southeast corner of Clay.

A third channel is traced through the county of Ashland, and enters Knox in the northeast corner of Jefferson township, thence bearing slightly to the west enters Union township near Gann Station, continuing into Coshocton county through the southwest corner of Union township.

A fourth channel is traced from the first mentioned channel just south of Mount Vernon, thence running due east to t,- south line of College township near Gambier, thence in a northeasterly direction into Howard, then along the south line of Howard and Union townships, thence bearing a little to the southeast through the northeast comer of Butler township into the county of Coshocton. .

After the valley was filled up by the drift the modem stream found a shorter course across the spur of hills near Fredericktown extending out from the east side, and has cut its recent channel

166 - HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY.

through the rock. Owl creek and the Sandusky branch of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad occupy the old channel to Mount Vernon. At Gambier it is the ancient bed which here divided a channel extending southward towards Martinsburgh, now filled with gravel and sand hills, and occupied by Big run, which flows northward, a direction opposite to that of the old stream, and becomes a tributary to Owl creek.

All the old valleys have been filled by glacial drift to the summit of the adjacent hills and, probbably, nearly, if not quite, to the top of the highest hills in the county; the immense erosion which accompanied the retreat of the glacier sweeping away the great bulk of the drift, taking all the finer materials, and leaving a residuum of sand and gravel.

Wells drilled for oil on the borders of Owl creek toward the Coshocton line show that this deposit of coarse gravel extends at least eighty-two feet below the bottom of the valley, and in one instance a log was struck at a depth of one hundred feet. Hence there is here disclosed a broad valley once filled with drift to the depth of not less than two hundred and seventeen feet, through which a channel has been plowed one hundred and thirty-five feet in depth, leaving a succession of terraces, the stream now flowing nearly one hundred feet above the bottom of the old gorge.

Following the Columbus road westward toward Mount Liberty, the surface rises very slowly from the river over a bed of fine gravelly and sandy alluvium, filled with small bowlders, many of them limestone, then striking irregular drift-hills which reach an elevation one hundred and fifty-five feet above the railroad at Mount Vernon.

The material of these hills is coarse, consisting chiefly of gravel and sand, with flat fragments from the Waverly, and a few large granitic bowlders.. The surface is irregular and billowy, as if piled up by the action of shore waves when the water stood at this elevation. Thence to Mount Liberty the surface rises to the height of two hundred and twenty-five feet above the railroad, the wagon road passing over undulating drift hills, the material steadily becoming coarser, containing more limestone, and more flat fragments of rock. The underlying strata are entirely covered by this deposit.

West of Mount Liberty a cut on the railroad at an elevation of two hundred and eighty-five feet above the depot at Mount Vernon shows that the drift is wholly unstratified.

In Hilliar township the hills are composed of tenacious clay drift, the wells showing from eight to eighteen feet of yellow clay, then blue clay, passing into hard-pan on the hills and resting on quicksand in the valleys.

The timber in this region is beech, maple, oak, white and black ash, and black walnut.

The wells of Lock, on the south line of Milford, pass through eight to fifteen feet of yellow clay, and fifteen to twenty feet of blue clay, then on the higher lands striking gravel, on the lower quicksand. The surface is of the same general character through Milford and Miller townships, viz.: undulating hills from which the finer material of the drift has been washed, bordering flood plains through which the small streams flow, generally over beds of water-rolled pebbles, this material resting upon unmodified drift.

Eastward from Lock, drift apparently fills the old valley of erosion to the foot of the hills east of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad. These hills rise somewhat abruptly to the height of three hundred feet above the valley. Their slopes are covered with drift, so that no rock exposures are found until the descent into the valley of Owl creek is reached, about one mile from Mount Vernon. The rock is here broken and crushed as if by lateral thrust. An old water plain borders the west side of the railroad from Mount Vernon to the south line of the county, marked by successive terraces, and from one to three miles wide. It is bordered by hills of modified drift, and forms an extension southward of the valley in which Owl creek flows, until deflected to the east by Mount Vernon.

The slope of the first hill, which rises to one hundred and seventy-five feet above Mount Vernon, exhibits the olive shales of the Waverly covered by Waverly debris, with no evidence of drift except occasional granite bowlders. On the top of this hill are found thin bowlder clay and granitic pebbles. Ascending the next slope to the height of three hundred and ten feet, the outcrop and debris of the Waverly continues with no drift material until passing about twenty feet downward on the

HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. - 167

southeast side. There granite bowlders are found, and the slope below is covered with drift mingled with angular fragments of the local rocks. The drift continues to the top of the next hill, two hundred and eighty-five feet, but is thin, and the soil is composed mainly of local debris. One mile north of the last is a broad expanse of gently undulating sandy fields, exhibiting no evidence of drift except large scattered bowlders of granite, the soil like the banks of sandy streams. Rising above these sandy billows are irregular ridges of clay composed largely of foreign drift. At the highest elevation-three hundred and five feet-the hill is capped with a heavy deposit of clay drift. On the descending slope, at twenty feet from the top, a sandy waterwashed surface is reached with granitic bowlders scattered over it. Descending towards the eastern valley, the drift on the slopes is deeper. On the last slope, at an elevation of two hundred and seventy-five feet, the drift disappears, and the crushed layers of Waverly are covered only with their own debris. At two hundred and fifteen feet the river drift of washed sand, gravel, and granitic bowlders is reached, which passes into the alluvium of the valley, cut by Big run, at an elevation of one hundred and sixty-five feet above Mount Vernon.

In Jackson township the Wakatomaka creekwhich has the sources of most of its tributaries in the recently eroded ravines of the Coal Measure rocks on the east-falls a little north of Bladensburgh into the old channel now occupied by Big run, and is bordered by irregular sandy hills of water-washed material, which are continued northward to the junction of Big run with Owl creek near Gambier.

At Mount Vernon, wells sunk in the alluvium pass only through sand and gravel. Those on the sandy slopes strike -

Feet.

1. Yellow clay 10 to 15

2. Blue clay 30 to 40

3. Gravel, sand, and broken stone to bed rock.

That part of the county east of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, and north of the Cleveland, Mount Vernon & Columbus railroad, consisted originally of a high undulating table land, covered with glacial drift. Erosion has intersected it with narrow ravines, and filled it with small streams, leaving a succession of well rounded hills of very graceful outline, characteristic of the Waverly in this part of the State. This peculiarity is only modified by outcrops of Waverly conglomerate. Where this is wanting, or is below the bottoms of the valleys, the hills are entirely without benches; the lines of the landscape are all graceful curves; the hills susceptible of cultivation to the top, and presenting scenes of quiet beauty rarely excelled. These, characteristics change upon approaching the Coal Measure rocks in the southeast and northeast parts of the county.

Standing near the line of division, the observer need make no mistake in regard to the character of any of the hills in sight; those which are symmetrically rounded to the top will be found composed wholly of the Waverly; those of which the summits show benches and irregular lines of contour are capped with the coal rocks. The debris of the olive shales, the upper members of the Waverly, here make a peculiar elastic and excellent roadway, so that travelling in the night along the margin of the coal field the sound of the carriage wheels will enable one to say when he is passing over a road of this material. These hills at the north retain patches of undisturbed drift on protected slopes, with scattered erratics, the latter sometimes very abundant on the lower slopes, and in the beds of streams, where no other evidences of the drift are preserved: The hills when denuded of drift, have but a slight covering of soil, the shales of the Waverly, finely broken up, coming near to the surface.

West of Ankenytown is. a plain about ten miles wide, without rock exposures, but with occasional gravel ridges, the whole composed of river drift, of sand, gravel, and clay on the margin, resting on quicksand and gravel, the whole of unknown depth, filling up the old pre-glacial channel.

In the broad valleys of the streams the native timber was mainly hard maple and black walnut; of the latter a very large part was destroyed before its value was known, but very much has been cut and shipped to market The large sugar maples in this district. seemed a strange thing, but the thorough drainage afforded by the deep deposit of gravel fully explains their presence. If the alluvium rested upon clay, we should find soft maple, elm, and sycamore growing upon it, but no sugar

168 - HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY.

maple. On the Waverly hills a mixed forest of maple, beech, hickory, oak, and pepperidge (black gum); in a few places on the borders of the stream, . hemlock, and on the ridges where the Waverly conglomerate comes to the surface, chestnut. On the Coal Measure rocks the predominating timber is oak. On all the hills are scattered trees of whitewood, cucumber, black and white ash, and elm; the latter three being the most abundant where the original glacial drift remains.

The series of rocks exposed in the county comprise about two hundred and seventy-five feet of the coal measures, and about three hundred feet of the Upper Waverly, but borings for oil have extended our knowledge of the strata down to the Huron shale, and have afforded important information in regard to the character and thickness of the subcarboniferous rocks.

The Coal Measure rocks cover the greater part of Jackson and Butler townships, and a small area in the north part of Jefferson. The highest hills in Jackson rise one hundred feet above the upper outcrops of rock and are covered with the bleached and earthy debris of cherty (an impure variety of quartz or flint) limestone.

The coal is of fair quality, in two benches, in places showing considerable sulphur, and at the outcrops does not exhibit a thickness which would make mining profitable, except for local use. The thickness and extent of coal rocks and the fact that they include three horizons of coal, would fully justify further exploration. This exploration could be made most easily by drilling from the tops of the hills, so that the holes would pierce all the strata, disclosing their character and thickness. The shales below this coal indicate less active disturbances, and whatever was originally deposited on the line of the two lower outcrops probably now remains. A fourth horizon of coal is found above the upper massive sandstone at the bench on the hills, one hundred feet below the highest points, but no outcrop of rocks was observed at this elevation. The cherty debris of the limestone above coal No. 4 is abundant upon many of the hills, and constitutes flint ridges in the northern part of Butler township. Much less promising territory in other places has been successfully explored and valuable deposits of coal found. The coal rocks of Butler township extend to within about eight and a half miles of Gambier. At the nearest point is an outcrop of fire-clay of the lower coal, but the water flowing from it shows much sulphur, an indication of coal of an inferior quality.

THE WAVERLY CONGLOMERATE

This is continued from Richland south through the eastern part of Knox county, presenting the best exposures along the banks of Owl creek, near the line between Butler and Union townships. It apparently forms here the crest of an anticlinal (marking inclination in opposite directions), and dips to the east at an angle of about twenty-five degrees. The massive conglomerate is much broken and borders the stream of which the old channel is known to be something like one hundred feet below the present bed.

Ascending the hills on the road from Mount Vernon towards Martinsburgh the broken outcrop of the Waverly may be seen on a level with the railroad, and may be found at all elevations on the slopes of the hills to the height of three hundred feet. Throughout this thickness it consists of thin layers constituting the ordinary olive shales. The same thing is seen in ascending the hills between Mount Vernon and Amity. If the Waverly conglomerate extends to this part of the county it must dip to the west below the valleys; and in that case the hills would all be capped by the Coal Measure rocks. They are, however, Waverly to the top. From thirty to forty feet of this conglomerate is exposed in the bluffs of the new channel of Owl creek, below Millwood, the top being ninety-five feet below Gambier. At Brownsville the Waverly is quarried, and furnishes hard, coarse rock, full of pebbles, but more fissile than the ordinary conglomerate.

At A. K. Fobes' quarry, in Monroe township, one and a half miles northeast of Gambier, and forty feet below it, the Waverly affords large quantities of good stone, though much stripping is required. Many of the layers are thin and much broken. The heaviest layers are about three feet thick, all fine-grained, most .of them yellow, butsome blue, with a sharp grit, and resembling the Berea.

On the Cleveland, Mount Vernon & Columbus

HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. - 169

railroad, half a mile east of Howard station, a quarry, belonging to Hurd & Israel, has been opened, of which the following is a section so far as exposed:

Feet.

1. Shaley sandstone with layers of argillaceous shale 20

2. Massive sandstone 6 to 8

The lower stratum is a coarse stone, with much iron, containing pockets of soft iron-ore, in some places striped like the Mansfield stone, and in others of a deep cherry red; general color yellow; fucoids (fossil sea-weed), the only fossils observed.

Indian Field run, a small stream emptying into Owl creek from Harrison township, and occupying a rocky valley of recent erosion, gives fine exposures of the Waverly, where many of the layers are from three to four feet thick, but they contain many concretions or pockets of iron ore, and occasionally nodules of iron pyrites. Impressions of fucoids are here abundant. The general color of the rock is yellow. The valley and slopes are filled with the debris of drift except an occasional granite bowlder. Near the top of the hill on the west, drift bowlders are more abundant, and heavy masses of drift cover the western- slope descending toward Owl creek.

From thirty to forty feet of the bottom of the Waverly conglomerate has argillaceous (clayey) bands interstratified with the quartz-bearing beds of sandstone. Below this the mass of the material to the chocolate shales is argillaceous, with frequent hard bands of calcareo-silicious rock, and occasionally strata of sandstone. One of the latter, No. r9 of the general section, is twenty-two feet thick, the upper part with argillaceous bands, the lower carrying quartz pebbles; another stratum, No. 21, one hundred and twenty-fire feet below the last, is a very fine blue compact sandstone, bearing some resemblance to the finer grades of the Berea.

One hundred and fifteen feet below the hard blue sandstone mentioned above, a similar rock occurs eight and a half feet thick, the upper part dark colored.

At the depth of about six hundred and seventy feet below the sub-carboniferous conglomerate is the red or chocolate shale, the first in this part of the county (Harrison township,) which can be identified fully with any of the subdivisions that are so clearly defined in the valley of the Cuyahoga. This is apparently the equivalent of the Cleveland shale, which in many places at the north is all or in part red shale. The well-borings here show that it is very homogeneous in structure, except that near the bottom there are interstratified bands of argillaceous shale.

Below this chocolate shale are the Erie shales, which so far as their character can be determined by an inspection of the borings, present precisely the same characteristics as in the northwestern counties, where they are fully exposed. They consist of a mass of soft, blue argillaceous shale, with hard calcareo-silicious bands.

Below this Erie lies the Huron or "black shale," the thickness of which cannot be determined. It seems evident that along the western side of the sub-carboniferous rocks the lower members of the series and the upper member of the Devonian are thinning out, and that their absence further west is not altogether the result of erosion, but that their extent in that direction was limited by the presence of dry land at the time of their deposit.

Some ten years ago the attention of enterprising parties was called to the "oil signs" of the eastern part of Knox county. On the western margin of the coal field in Jefferson, Union, and Butler townships, were indications of dislocation in the rock strata; gas springs were abundant, and from several places it was reported that oil in small quantities was obtained. A company was organized, territory leased; and since that time something like eighty-five thousand dollars has been expended in explorations, mainly under the superintendence of Peter Neff, esq., of Gambier. The registers of the wells, which have been kept with commendable care by Mr. Neff, show that there is a marked disturbance in the strata extending to the lower rocks reached, and its apparent extent The red or chocolate shales, the member of the sub-carboniferous, constitute a well marked horizon, and enable us to determine the relative position of the different strata in the wells which reach this material.

Eight wells are located in the territory around the junction of the Kokosing and Mohican rivers, and the following table gives the depth below the upper surface of the red shale:

170 - HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY

Feet.

Well No. 1 615

" " 2 615

" " 3 591

" " 4 562

" " 5 705

" " 6 575

" " 7 607

" " 8 627

In all the wells bored, a similar succession of strata has been pierced in each. The chocolate, the Erie, and the Huron shales were struck in all wells carried deep enough. The rocks included between these and the Coal Measures present alternations of sand, rock, argillaceous, and sandy shales, which, after passing the olive shales that cap the Waverly, present a great variety in the different wells, and forbid all minute systematic subdivisions. The most marked and most general alternations are exhibited in the general section of the rocks of the county.,

In nearly all the wells bored, gas, oil, and brine have been found in greater or less quantities, and from two of them a remarkably strong flow of gas has issued, which, properly utilized, can be made of great value.

The employment of natural gas elsewhere in the manufacture of iron would indicate the proper use to be made of it, were it not that the wells are situated several miles from any railroad or other adequate means of transportation.

The Neff Petroleum company, which, under the management of Peter Neff, of Gambier, made the explorations for oil, has been re-organized under the name of "The Kokosing Oil company," and has utilized the gas in a novel manner, which gives promise of complete success. It has expended twenty-five thousand dollars in erecting buildings and appliances for the manufacture of carbon black, and is now obtaining a product not excelled in quality by anything in the market, except bone or ivory-black, and has demonstrated that the wells have a capacity of producing about five hundred pounds per day of No. I black. This company has also devised a mode of utilizing the acid-waste of oil refineries, making of it a very excellent carbon-black, by using with it a small amount o the natural gas. With eighteen hundred burners, for the consumption of the natural gas, it produces from forty to fifty pounds of the "Diamond," or No. I black, per day, and with twenty-eight burners, for the consumption of the acid-waste, one hundred and fifty pounds per day of the "Pearl," or No. 2 black. The fact that the gas has flowed from the well without diminution for the past ten years gives good promise of its permanency; and the indications now are that by this use of the gas a good return will be secured to the stockholders for all the money so perseveringly expended in sinking the wells.

Well No. 2 also yields a steady flow of gas; and from well No. r over three thousand barrels of water escapes per day.

Well No. 8, near Gann Station, in Jefferson township, shows that the Waverly above the red shale is eight hundred and seventy-two feet in thickness, and, including the red shale, is nine hundred and thirty-four feet, the Waverly being capped with sixty feet of coarse sand-rock, either carboniferous conglomerate, or the Massillon sandstone. If this is regarded as conglomerate, sixty feet should be added to both the above numbers. Above the sand-rock is sixty feet of shaley sandstone, capped with the cherty limestone, underlain by fire-clay, and a faint outcrop of coal.

The Massillon sandstone rests upon the Waverly, on the hills above Gann Station, and directly on Coal No 1, at New Castle. At wells Nos 1 and 2 the Waverly is eight hundred and seventy-seven feet thick, the olive shales rising to the coal, under the same rock, at New Castle. Westward from that point this sandstone rests directly upon the Waverly shales.

Westward, the materials in all the wells gradually become coarser; the Waverly conglomerate, and the other sand-rocks were found in normal position, and the supply of oil in the wells was more abundant. All the indications point to an old shore line, a little to the west during the deposit of the Waverly rocks, along which the coarse sandstones accumulated as shore deposits, while the finer argillaceous shales were deposited in deep water at the east.

In well No. 3 the second sand-rock was struck at two hundred and eighty-five feet, and was six feet deep; the third sand-rock at five hundred and eighty-five feet; and was nine feet thick. The red shale was reached at five hundred and eighty-five

HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. - 171

feet. This well still flows oil, gas, and brine; the latter yielding two pounds and ten ounces of salt from eleven quarts of water.

Well No. 1, the "Buckingham Well," yields heavy green oil from thin sand-rock, which was struck at about five hundred and sixty feet, and is eight feet thick.

In well No. 5, the "Hurd Well," the third sand rock was struck at five hundred and seventy-five feet, and was ten feet thick, yielding gas, oil, and water, which still flow from the top of the tube, about eight gallons of oil per day. The red shale was reached at five hundred and eighty feet.

There is a deep-seated disturbance, involving all the rocks down to and including the Huron shale, which is the great oil-producing rock, so that the dip of the strata is substantially northeast. Eastward the silicious rocks gradually give place to argillaceons shale, the coarser sandstones becoming thin,.or disappearing altogether. In the opposite direction, or westward, the materials are coarser, and the sand-rocks thicker.

On the eastern margin of the territory, by boring, gas predominates, and at Well No. 2 has flowed for twelve years with a continuous pressure of about one hundred and eighty pounds to the inch. Westward, petroleum is more abundant. The oil is thus far nearly all found in the sand-rock, directly above the red shale.

The water obtained above the second sand-rock and that below the red shale is fresh; that between the second sand-rock and the red shale is salt, and affords a suggestion as to the probable source of the coloring material in the red shale-iron deposited by the salt water.

The results obtained suggest further explorations in the southeastern part of the district for gas, and in the western part for oil. With the new uses developed for natural gas, it is difficult to decide which would be the more valuable.

CHAPTER XVIII.

ARCHEOLOGY.

MOUNDS IN THE COUNTY-PROFESSOR ROBERTS' ADDRESS - TRACING THE MOUND BUILDERS-MOUNDS OF EUROPE AND AMERICA COMPARED-THEORIES REGARDING THEIR ORIGIN-MAN IN A SAVAGE STATE-THEIR 'NUMBERS HERE AND MANNER OF LIVING-THE HUNS-CHARACTER OF THEIR EARTHWORKS AND THEIR PROBABLE USE - DIFFERENT CLASSES OF MOUNDS-THEIR ANTIQUITY - THE -IMPLEMENTS IN USE BY MOUND BUILDERS AND INDIANS-COPPER :MINING-STONE RELICS.

ALTHOUGH the territory embraced in Knox county is not nearly so interesting to the archaeologist as that further south and east in the valleys of the Licking and Muskingum rivers, yet archaeological remains are not wanting in any part of the county. There are evidences that the Mound Builders were here in considerable numbers, a few scattered monuments of this mysterious people still remaining. There seems to be no authentic history regarding this people. The known records of the world are silent-as silent as these monuments that perpetuate their memory. Nothing of their origin or end is certainly known. They probably antedate the various Indian tribes, who anciently occupied and claimed title to the soil of Ohio; though this is only problematical-the two nations might have been contemporaneous.

The most prominent of the Mound Builders' works will be briefly mentioned here, and a history of these and others, more in detail, will be found in the histories of the townships in which archaeological remains appear.

A quarter of mile south of Fredericktown, on quite a high eminence, is a mound in an excellent state of preservation, it having been spared any mutilation. Mr. William Allen, who cleared the land, planted fruit trees over it and preserved it. A mile to the southeast of this mound, was, fifty years ago, a perceptible embankment enclosing a considerable area. About four miles south of southwest of this in the southerly part of Wayne township, is a mound in the woods, not well preserved. Three miles on an air line to the west of southwest of Mount Vernon, in Green valley, is a small mound, now nearly obliterated by the plow. About sixty years ago Josiah Bonar, a boy long since dead, dug into the centre of this mound, and found bones in a very much decayed condition.

172 - HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY.

Several stone pipes were also found in and around this mound. One hundred rods southeast of this mound is another, of similar size, which has nearly disappeared under the plow. Two miles still southwest, in the northeast comer of Liberty township, is, or was, when in woods, an embankment with gateway, enclosing a plat of ground only a few rods in diameter. The ditch inside this enclosure, having a hard-pan subsoil holding water, so as to make it marshy at the bottom.

Throughout Green valley relics of former occupants were at one time abundant, such as stone axes and tomahawks, arrow-heads, lapstones for cracking nuts, etc.

There is a mound on the summit of what is known as "Rich Hill" in Hilliar township, that is quite peculiar. Rich Hill itself is peculiar. It is mound shaped, containing about one hundred acres, and so high, that when the surrounding country was an unbroken forest, one could stand on the summit and see over the tops of the trees all around. The elevation was perhaps one hundred feet. The hill was covered with the kinds of timber common on the richest bottom land. On the highest point of this hill stood a mound about thirty-five or forty feet in diameter at the base, and fifteen feet high, built entirely of cobblestone, which must have been brought from a distance; as no such stone is found in the vicinity. The first settlers took the stone from this mound and used them for the purpose of walling wells, etc.

In Liberty township, on the farm once owned by Joseph Beeney, was once a mound of considerable dimensions. It was leveled for a building spot. In it was found a skull of immense size, so large that the largest man in the county could put his head into the cavity with great ease, still leaving unoccupied space.

The mound now in the Mount Vernon cemetery has attracted, and does yet attract, much attention. It is of small size but beautifully rounded and compactly built. From its sides and top trees have sprung that have grown to a large size. From its summit on a clear day can be seen the neighboring village of Fredericktown. It is now used for vaults for the dead. .

The works which formerly existed in the northern part of the county, and some of which now exist in the vicinity of Fredericktown, near the head of Owl creek, are described in the journal of the Archaeological association of Ohio, with the aid of a diagram about as follows

The following is taken from Howe's Ohio Collections:

When the settlers first came, there were two wells only a few rods apart on the south bank of Vernon river, on the edge of the town, the origin of which remains unknown. They were built of neatly hammered stone, laid in regular masonry, and had the appearance of being overgrown with moss. Near by was a salt lick at which the Indians were accustomed to encamp. Almost immediately after the first settlement, all traces of the wells were obliterated, as was supposed by the Indians. A similar well was later brought to light, a mile and a half distant, by the plow of Philip Cosner, while plowing in a newly cleared piece of forest land. It was covered with poles and earth and was about thirty feet deep.

The following is from an address delivered before the Nu Pi Kappa society of Kenyon college

HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. - 173

by C. M. Roberts, of Chillicothe, Ohio. In it are advanced theories, and proofs of the same, regarding the Mound Builders, that seem at least reasonable.

From the Alleghanies on the east to the Rocky mountains on the west, we find, thickly scattered, mounds or tumuli, some of which bear evidences of very great antiquity. They extend in an unbroken line from the northern part of British America down through the Mississippi valley, Mexico, Central America, into South America as far as the southern part of Peru. The more southern mounds differ materially from those in the north, bearing evidences of much greater taste and skill, a higher state of cultivation, and a much more recent date. Their numbers and similarity of design at once divest them of all claim to be the result of natural agencies, and stamp them with indubitable marks of human workmanship. Who built these earthworks? The traditions of the oldest Indian tribes throw no light on the subject.

It is now generally conceded as a fact that Asia was the first home of the human race. Not only do sacred writings point to this country, but many other facts, some of which have been but lately brought to light; as, for instance, the roots of those Asiatic languages which were known to have belonged to the most ancient peoples.

Assuming that the above theory-not to speak too strongly - is the correct one, it follows that the Mound Builders must have owed their origin to Asiatic races. The only part of the problem which remains to be solved is how they got here and from what race or races they took their origin.

Glancing at the geography of Asia, we find the central part of the country thickly covered with these same earthworks. They stretch out in all directions, across the whole of Europe into Britain, down through Asia into Africa, across Tartary, and northeast through the whole of Siberia.

Then since we find these mounds in unbroken extent, reaching up through Siberia to Behring' s strait and from Behring's strait on through America, it is only fair to infer that this was the line of march taken up by the Mound Builders. To clinch the above theory and prove it beyond question, the contents of the mounds in Tartary are almost exactly similar to those contained in the mounds of North America. The Tartars opened a mound in Tartary, and found some vases together with the bones of men and animals, besides shells, charcoal, and weapons. Upon excavating a tumulus in Scotland, almost the same contents were found, and it is almost needless to add that they agree in the most minute particulars with the contents of mounds which have been explored in our own country. The burning of the dead was a custom in vogue among nearly all the ancient nations of Asia, and we find the same custom in use among the Mound Builders. The tradition of the intended sacrifice of Isaac is handed down among the Greeks as the intended sacrifice of Iphigenia, the beautiful daughter of Agamemnon, who was spirited away by Diana and made a priestess in her temple; among the Hindoos as the intended sacrifice of Cunacepha, who, being bound to the altar, called upon Indra for aid. As he prayed his bonds became looser and looser until they fell from his limbs, and he stood free by the power of his god; and among the Mexicans the tradition was a stem reality, for thousands of human beings perished yearly upon the sacrificial altar. It is said upon good authority that sixty thousand persons were sacrificed at the dedication of one temple.

What could have been the cause of such similarity of customs if not similarity of ancestry? Had the habits of the two peoples agreed in but one or two circumstances, the .conclusion might be admissible that so much of similarity was the result of chance. But the two peoples, separated as they were by thousands of miles of ocean, agree in almost every fact known concerning their customs and habits. Beyond question the two nations were closely related.

Various have been the theories as to whom this strange people owed their origin. Some have contended, and with no little reason, that they were the descendants of the ten lost tribes of Israel. Others think that they sprang from some Polynesians who were accidently cast upon the shores of South America, and who, by a series of migrations northward, gradually peopled the whole of this vast extent of territory. Upon exploring the Mammoth cave there was found a man of this lost race wrapped in a cloth into which the feathers of birds had been so skillfully woven as to be almost as impervious to wet as the back of a bird. The same kind of cloth is manufactured by the Polynesians, and from this fact grew the above theory. But the fact that the more northern mounds bear unmistakable evidence of greater antiquity than those in the south, is quite sufficient to prove the falsity of any such conclusion as the above.

Still another theory is, and it seems by far the most capable of proof, that the Mound Builders were either descendants of the Huns, or were veritable Huns.

In the savage state man is a migratory being. Holding no fixed habitation, recognizing no law but strength, waging war with all living things, governed only by natural appetites, swayed by every impulse and ruled in every act by momentary caprice, he roams from place to place seeking sustenance and ease. Even in the first stages of civilization, man loses but little of his migratory habits. Nature has made all things for man; he has but to chose, to have. It is only when he has reached the higher stages of civilization that he casts aside his migratory habits, and begins to recognize the necessity of fixed habitation and a moral law.

We have sufficient proof to warrant the assertion that the Mound Builders had advanced far beyond the savage state. The number and beauty of the remains we have of them is proof positive that this people were here in immense numbers. Had they been ever so skilful as hunters, the produce of the chase could have sustained but a very meager population. They must have tilled the soil and carried on commerce, both doubtless in a very rude fashion. That they understood something of the science of numbers is evident from the fact that they constructed wonderfully accurate squares, circles, elipses, crosses, besides many other mathematical figures, and this fact, is hardly compatible with the idea that they were savage. Again, the oldest trees in the Mississippi valley scarcely date back Boo A. D., while on the Pacific slope trees are still standing which must be twenty centuries older than our era. When the Lake Superior copper mines were discovered, it was found that they had been extensively worked, more so, in fact, than they have ever been since. Away back under the ground a block of pure copper weighing tons upon tons was found propped up as though it had been just got ready for removal. Everything looked as though the miners had merely gone away to dinner.

According to Chinese history, about the time of the invasion of Rome by the barbarians, a tribe of Huns migrated northeast, passing up through Siberia toward Kamschatka. The

174 - HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY.

record is all the more worthy of credibility, as the attention of the Chinese was especially called to the barbarians who lived on the borders of China, and against the inroads of whom the great wall had just been built. From the time that this migration was noticed, nothing was ever heard of them again. This was probably the last of a long series of migrations, as the descendants of this one tribe could not have been the authors of all the earthworks is the New World. There is a tradition among the Mexicans that the Aztecs reached Mexico about the middle of the seventh century. They were in all probability this same tribe of Huns who found the northern countries already occupied. That they were relatives of the Mound Builders is very evident from the similarity of customs. The Huns built mounds, so did the Mound Builders; the Huns intesed animals, weapons, and ornaments with the dead, so did the Mound Builders; the Huns were small in stature, heavy, with round heads, so were the Mound Builders; and we find by the most careful research that, not only were the Mound Builders the exact prototypes of the Huns in a physical sense, but also in every other. To pile proof upon proof, the mode of reckoning time among the Mound Builders was exactly that of the Chinese, Japanese, and Tartars, and the Huns were a Tartar tribe. This fact becomes all the more wonderful when we consider that this mode was by far the most perfect that had been devised. In Mound City, near Chillicothe, Ohio, the bones of horses and elephants, together with the teeth of the latter, were exhumed from a mound, and it is a well known fact that the Huns almost lived upon horseback. The connection of the two peoples cannot be questioned, for they have marked their way with everlasting guide posts, have stamped with their peculiar characteristics every fact known of the two nations. History stopped short, but they unwittingly took up the broken thread and wrote volumes for our perusal, not upon paper, with pen and ink, but upon tablets as eternal as the mountains. In defiance of the ravaging hand of time, the prying curiosity of the would-be antiquarian, and the carelessness of the agriculturist, they still stand silent but indubitable proofs of the identity of their builders.

We now come to the most interesting part of the problem what were these earthworks built for? What sufficient reason could their builders have had in carrying earth, often for miles, to pile it up in any of the many shapes we now see it in? Their motives were probably almost as various as their needs. To a people so primitive in their habits as the Mound Builders must have been, owing to their rude state of civilization at its best, this was almost the only available mode of protecting themselves, and probably their religious notions largely conduced to their building many of the works which could only have been intended as places for worship.

The earthworks of the New World may be separated into two principal divisions, mounds (conical and animal shaped), and enclosures (for defence and religious purposes). The conical mounds are by far the most numerous of the remains. There are thousands upon thousands of them in the broad valley of the Mississippi, and they stand like hoary sentinels guarding the silence of the past. I have stood upon one and counted twenty others. Trees already ages old strike their roots deep into their tops, while the rain of centuries have ribbed their sides in a hundred places. Judging from internal as well as external evidences, the tumuli seem to have been constructed for at least three purposes. Their close resemblance to the Teocalli of Mexico would warrant us in saying that they were places of sacrifice; evidences of fire on their tops indicate that they were used as telegraph stations; while the presence of human remains prove that they were monuments erected over the dead. They were probably used for all three purposes, though no one was perhaps used for more than two. Mounds used for either sacrificial purposes or places of observatory were generally either inside, or contiguous to, some enclosure, though the latter do sometimes extend from one fortification to another. Those tumuli which ought to be classed as sacrificial are sometimes conical, sometimes sided, sometimes animal shaped. The most noteworthy of the animal shaped are in Michigan and Wisconsin. We have, however, two very remarkable ones in Ohio, the "Great Serpent" and the "Alligator." In Pickaway county there is a work shaped like a "cross" which could only have been built for sacred purposes. The uses of these structures cannot be questioned. Their very shape would warrant the assertion that they were temple mounds, and gives us a deep insight into the religious notions, systems and creeds of their authors.

The general inner structure of the sepulchral mounds was always the same. At the bottom of the mound rests the body, sometimes covered with bark, sometimes built over with logs, sometimes enclosed by stones, in a manner closely resembling the Kislvaen of English antiquities. Tumuli of this order are generally isolated, or in small groups, one always appearing to be the central figure. They rarely contain the remains of more than one. From the very manner of the disposal of the mounds we could scarcely help concluding that here slept some eminent family. Over their ashes a grieving nation erected monuments more lasting than brass. Upon excavating such a mound, some mica, a vessel probably at one time containing food or water, some pearl beads, a copper implement, an ornament or two, a tobacco pipe, and some human remains, are probably all that would be found. Yet in honor of these remains this great lasting monument was reared, and even now, when the winds of ages have whistled round their hoary tops, when the snows and flowers of a thousand winters and summers have come and gone in the ceaseless march of Time, they are still a noble record of a nation's honor to a nation's dead. When the last vestige of civilized life shall have passed away, when the beautiful and fertile America becomes as barren as the site of Babylon, these simple monuments will still stand a lasting testimony of a nation's love.

The last two classes of works to be noticed are works of defence and sacred enclosures. The fortifications are in every case situated in the highest and most impregnable places. The shape was always governed by utility alone. They were sometimes built of stone, sometimes of earth, always close to a stream of water. The wall was always surrounded by a ditch. Here the nations collected in times of danger to defend themselves and their country. What thrilling scenes have been enacted behind these walls! Here stood the warrior armed for battle, here the trembling wife surrounded by her offspring, yonder, upon that mound the gray-haired priest, his long white beard sweeping down to his waist, while at his feet is extended the human victim. Outside, up the hill, in myriads comes the foe. These people, isolated as they were from their brethren in the old world, still acted out the same old scenes in the drama of life.

Last of all, we come to the sacred enclosures, probably the most interesting of all. To the antiquarian, the unraveling of the religious dogmas and practices of a people is the most absorbing of all work; for when once you are acquainted with a

HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. - 175

people's religion, you have lifted the veil from a people's moral life. The facts, that certain enclosures are placed in the broad, low, level, river bottoms; that they are in many cases small in size; that the walls range only from three to seven feet in height; that the ditch was inside the walls; that they were often commanded by high hills; is sufficient, not only to prove that they were not places of defence, but to stamp them with that religious character which is, evidently, the purpose of all of them. It was here that the nation assembled on solemn occasions-to celebrate solemn games and festivals-to make prayers to and worship their awful deities.

There are three hundred millions of people in China. The nation is probably four thousand years old. If by some chance that people were suddenly swept from existence, a few centuries would be sufficient to blot out every token of them. Yet China is known to be the most ancient and populous nation on the globe. Here we have a country, far larger than China, abounding in remains, some of which for extensiveness and beauty are scarcely equaled anywhere. From one end of the continent to the other we find them by thousands. There is a structure on the Scioto river which was built upon a hill extending down to the water. Part of the bill and fortification has been washed away by the river which now flows a quarter of a mile off: There is a line of fortifications beginning at Cataraugus creek and extending along what was once the shore of Lake Erie. Now the structure nearest the lake is at least three miles off, while the farthest is about five. Decomposed vegetable matter is found upon this old bed of the lake to the depth of a foot, while no perceptible difference can be noticed between the vegetation inside and the vegetation outside the old shore. What shall we saw then as to their numbers and date? These hills, these valleys, from the Arctic ocean to the gulf, from mountain range to mountain range, must have swarmed with human beings before the time of Homer. No puny colony could have built these vast fortifications, these numberless mounds, these great sacred enclosures. They could only have been the work of a mighty nation whose numbers were almost-beyond computation. You cannot ride a day's journey without meeting some huge remains of a nation which probably appeared more than twice two thousand years ago. Yes, when David was playing before Saul they were here; ere the Greeks were a nation they were here; while Nineveh was in her palmy days, before a dwelling marked the now long forgotten site of Troy, they must have been here in countless thousands. In this land they lived, tilled the soil, herded their flocks and carried on commerce, before the mighty nations of the old world were born. Rivers have changed their channels, and lakes receded for miles since their first arrival here.

Their government was probably by the priesthood. Can we account for the tens of thousands of sacred enclosures which dot our continent on any other hypothesis? The very number of the remains they have left is proof positive, not only of the immensity of their numbers, but that they were fully organized, and religious to fanaticism. That they carried on some commerce may be seen from the fact that in the same mounds we find copper from the Lake Superior mines, mica from the Alleghany mountains, shells from the gulf, green lava from Mexico, walrus tusks and sharks' teeth from the Arctic ocean. Yet, if we allow that they are commercial, we must acknowledge that they had risen above the savage state, that they were a regularly organized nation or nations. That they worked copper mines has been already shown. In a mound near Marietta were found some ornaments rudely covered with a thin coating of silver, which is the only evidence we have that they understood the use of that metal. They were exceedingly good potters, some of their pottery being very beautifully finished. Their implements of war were mostly made of greenstone, flint, and occasionally sandstone. A three-headed vessel was discovered near Nashville, Tennessee, which forcibly reminds one of the Triune god-head of India. Near the same place a vessel in the shape of a woman's head was found standing upon a rock over a spring, about twenty feet below the surface of the earth. The features of the face are Asiatic. I have seen several faces, heads and animals, carved from stone-all of which were exceedingly well done. When we reflect that their tools must have been very rude, being of stone, or at best of copper, we cannot help admiring the perfection of execution which they reached in their sculpture.

Here then we must leave them, for time will not allow us to study the subject more carefully. I close this brief discussion with a feeling of regret. It is in truth a large field for inquiry and research, and the antiquarian will yet make discoveries in this long-forgotten age that will be of great interest and importance to mankind. What more impregnable fortress could be constructed than some of theirs? What more awe-inspiring altar could they have reared than some they have left us? What simpler, yet more sublime monuments could a nation raise over a nation's dead? We trample beneath our feet the dust of more heroes than ever graced the annals of Greece or Rome. Though their names be forever lost in the silence of death, though no Homer has ever swept the harp strings to immortalize their names and their deeds, yet they will ever be known as the loved and honored of a dead nation.

It may be well to notice briefly in this connection the implements made and used by this people, as well as those in use by the Indians, so far as investigation has revealed their character in this county.

Very few copper implements have been found in this part of Ohio, owing partly to the fact of the unexplored condition of the mounds, and also to the fact that little, if any, copper exists in this part of the country. What does exist is in loose fragments that have washed down from the upper lake region. When mounds are explored great care is necessary lest these small utensils be lost, as they are commonly scattered through the mass, and not always in close proximity to the skeletons. The copper deposits about Lake Superior furnished the pre-historic man with this metal, and judging by the number of relics made of this metal now found it must have been extensively mined. The population must have been large, as occasional copper implements tempered to an exceeding hardness, are still found about the country. These implements are small, generally less than half a pound in weight, and seldom exceeding three pounds.

176 - HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY.

There were millions of these in use during the period of the ancient dwellers, which may have been of hundreds of years duration. The copper implements left on the surface soon disappeared by decomposition, to which copper is nearly as liable as iron. Only part of the dead Mound Builders were placed in burial mounds, and of these only a part were buried with their copper ornaments and implements on or about them. Of those that were, only a small part have been discovered, and in many instances, the slight depth of earth over them has not prevented the decay and disappearance of the copper relics. .

Articles of bronze or brass are not found with the builders of the mounds. It is evident they knew nothing of these metals in the Ohio valley, nor did they possess any of the copper that had been melted or cast in moulds.

Stone relics are very numerous and well preserved. Stone axes, stone mauls, stone hammers, stone chisels, etc., are very plentiful yet, and were the common implements of the pre-historic man in this part of the west. None were made with holes or eyes for the insertion of a helve or handle, but were grooved to receive a withe twisted into the form of a handle. Under the head of axes, archaeologists include all wrought stones with a groove, a bit and a poll. They are found unpolished, partly polished, and polished. The bit was made sharp by rubbing, and the material is hard and tough, generally of trachyte, greenstone, granite, quartz, or basalt. Most of them are straight on one edge. In Ohio it is very rare that stone axes are found in the mounds, indicating that they are modern, or were not so much prized by the Mound Builders as to be objects of burial, or they may have been in use only among the Indians at a later period. Occasionally axes of a softer material are found, such as slate, hematite, and sandstone, but these are small in size and not common. They appear to have been manufactured from small, oblong bowlders, first brought into shape by a pick, or chipping instrument, the marks of which are visible on nearly all of them. They were made more perfect by rubbing and polishing; probably done from time to time after they were brought into use. A handle, or helve, made of a withe or split stick, was fastened in the groove by thongs of hide. The bit is narrower than the body of the axe, which is generally not well enough balanced to be of much value as a cutting instrument. It is very seldom the material is hard enough to cut green or sound timber. The poll is usually round, but sometimes flat, and rarely pointed. It is much better adapted to breaking than cutting, while the smaller ones are better fitted for war-clubs than tools. As a maul to break dry limbs, they were very efficient, and this was probably the use made of them. In weight they range from half a pound to sixteen pounds, but are generally less than three pounds. The very heavy ones were probably kept at their camps, as they were too heavy for constant use. Such axes are occasionally found in the Indian towns on the frontier, as they were found in Ohio among the aborigines. The Mound Builders, apparently, did not give them as much prominence among their implements, even if they used them at all, as did their savage successors. Double-headed hammers have the groove in the middle. They were made of the same material as the axes, so balanced as to give a blow with equal force at either end. Their mechanical symmetry is often perfect. As a weapon in war they were indeed formidable, and for this purpose are yet used among the Indians on the Pacific coast.

Implements known as "fleshers"and "skinners," chisel-formed, commonly called "celts," were probably used as aids in pealing the skins of animals from the meat and bones. For the purpose of cutting tools for wood, they were not sufficiently hard, and do not show such use excepting in a few flint chisels. They may have been applied as coal scrapers where wood had been burned, but this could not have been a general thing without destroying the perfect edge most of them now exhibit. The grooved axes were much better adapted to this purpose.

Stone pestles are not plentiful in this county, while stone mortars are rare, indicating that they were made of wood, which is lighter and more easily transported. Most of the pestles are short, with a wide base tapering toward the top. They were probably used with one hand and moved about in a circle in the mortar. The long round instrument, usually called a pestle, does not appear

HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. - 177

to be fitted for crushing seeds and grain by pounding or turning in the mortar. It was probably used as a rolling-pin, perhaps upon a board or level log, not upon stone. It is seldom found smooth or polished, and varies from seven to thirteen inches in length. In outline they taper toward each end which is generally smooth, and circular in form, as though it had been twirled in an upright position.

There is almost an endless variety of perforated plates, thread-sizers, shuttles, etc. They are usually made of striped slate, most of which have tapering holes through them fiat-wise, the use of which j has been much discussed. The accompanying plate exhibits several specimens of these; but there are, doubtless, many other forms and styles. They are generally symmetrical, the material fine grained, and their proportions graceful, as though their principal use was that of ornamentation. Many of them may well have been worn suspended as beads or ornaments. Some partake of the character of badges or ensigns of authority; others, if strung together on thongs or belts, would serve as a coat of mail, protecting the breast or back against the arrows of an enemy. A number of them would serve to twist twine or coarse thread made of bark, rawhide or sinew. The most common theory regarding their use is, however, lacking in one important feature-none of them show signs of wear by use. The edges of the holes through them are sharp and perfect. This objection applies equally well to their use as suspended ornaments. Some of them are shuttle-form, through which coarse threads might have been passed, for weaving rude cloth of bark or of fibrous plants, such as milk-weed or nettles. There are also double-ended and pointed ones, with a cross section about the middle of which is a circle, and through which is a perforation.

A great variety of wands or badges of distinction are found They are nearly all fabricated from striped and variegated slate, highly finished, very symmetrical and elegant in proportion, evidently designed to be ornamental If they were stronger and heavier, some of them would serve the purpose of a hatchet or battle-axe. The material is compact and fine grained; but the eyes or holes for handles or staves, are quite small, seldom half an inch in diameter. Their edges are not sharp, but rounded, and the body is thin, usually less than one-fourth of an inch in thickness.

The form of badges known as "double-crescents" are the most elegant and expensive of any yet brought to notice. They were probably used to indicate the highest rank or office. The single crescent perhaps signified a rank next below the double. In the collection of Mr. John B. Matson, of Richland county, there is a rough-hewn double one m process of construction, the horns of which turn inward. In nearly or quite all the finished ones the points turn outward. The finish around the base of all winged badges and the crescents is the same; and the size of the base about the same -from two-fifths to three-fifths of an inch. On one side of all is a narrow ridge; on the other a fiat band, lengthwise, like a ridge that has been ground down from one to two-tenths of an inch. Badges and crescents are invariably made of banded slate, generally of a greenish shade of color. The other forms of wands or badges, such as those with symmetrical wings or blades, are also made of green striped slate, highly polished, with a bore of about one-half inch in diameter, apparently to insert a light wooden rod or staff: They were probably emblems of distinction and were not ornaments. Nothing like them is known among the modern tribes, in form or use, hence they are attributed to the Mound Builders.

In addition to stone ornaments, the pre-historic man seems to have had a penchant, like his savage successors, to bedaub his body with various colors, derived from different colored minerals. These compounds were mixed in hollow stones or shallow mortars "paint-cups" in which the mineral mass of colored clay was reduced to powder and prepared for application to the body. Such paint-cups are not common; in fact are quite rare-the only one known to exist in this vicinity being in the possession of Dr. J. W. Craig, of Mansfield, Ohio.

The comparative rarity of aboriginal smoking pipes is easily explained by the fact that they were not discarded, as were weapons, when those by whom they were fashioned entered upon the iron age. The advent of the whites in no way lessened the demand fur pipes, nor did the whites substitute a better implement. The pipes were retained and used until worn out or broken, save the few that

178 - HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY.

were buried with their dead owners. What was the ultimate fate of these can only be conjectured. In very few instances does an Indian grave contain a pipe. If the practice of burying a pipe with its owner was common, it is probable that the graves were opened and robbed of this coveted article by, members of the same or some other tribe.

It only remains to notice the "flints" in addition to which a few other archaeological relics of minor importance are found about the country, but none of sufficient import to merit mention, or to throw additional light on the lost tribes of America. Arrow- and spear-heads and other similar pieces of flaked flints are the most abundant of any aboriginal relics of the United States. They are chiefly made of hard and-brittle siliceous materials; are easily damaged in hitting any object at which they are aimed, hence many of them bear marks of violent use. Perfect specimens are, however, by no means rare. The art of arrow making survives to the present day among certain Indian tribes, from whom is learned the art practiced that produces them.

A classification of arrow-heads is not within the scope of this work; indeed, it is rarely attempted by archaeologists. The styles are almost as numerous as their makers. In general, they are all the same in outline, mostly leaf-shaped, varying according to the taste or skill of their makers. The accompanying cut exhibits a few of the common forms, though the number is infinite. They may have been chipped-probably most were-and some may have been ground. Spear-heads exhibit as large a variety as arrow-heads; like the latter they were inserted in wooden handles of various lengths, though in many tribes they were fastened with thongs of untanned leather or sinews.

Their modes of manufacture were generally the same. Very often, perhaps always, tribes contained "arrow-maker," whose business it was to make these implements, selling them or exchanging them for wampum or peltry. When the Indian desired an arrow-head he could purchase one of the arrow-maker, or make one himself.

Here the ancient arrow-maker

Made his arrow-heads of quartz-rock

Arrow-heads of chalcedony,

Arrow-heads of chert and jasper

Smoothed and sharpened at the edges,

Hard and polished, keen and costly.

The common method was to take a chipping implement, generally made of pointed rods of a deer horn, from eight to sixteen inches in length, or of slender, short pieces of the same material bound with sinews to wooden sticks resembling arrow-shafts. The arrow-maker held in his left hand the flake of flint or obsidian, on which he intended to operate, and pressing the point of the tool against its edge, detached scale after scale, with much ingenuity, until the flake assumed the desired form.

CHAPTER XIX

INDIAN'S.

THE TRIBES OCCUPYING THIS COUNTY-TREATY OF FORT

MCINTOSH- HISTORY OF THE DELAWARE RATION-BOCK-

INGHELAS-KILLBUCK-CAPTAIN PIPE-SKIN CURRENCY

-DELAWARE CAMPS IN KNOX COUNTY-CUSTALOOGA

THE MURDER OF THE SQUAW-BLOCK HOUSES - GREEN-

TOWN INDIANS AND THEIR REMOVAL JAMER COPUS-HIS

INFLUENCE OVER THE INDIANS-BURNING OF THE INDIAN

VILLAGE-CAPTAIN ARMSTRONG-THE KILLING OF AN

INDIAN BY MORRISON AND MCCULLOCH-THE JONES

TRAGEDY-SEARCH FOR THE MURDERERS OF JONES - THE

KILLING OF RUFFNER AND ZIMNER-SKETCH OF RUFFNER -

BATTLE ON BLACK FORK AND THE MURDER OF JAMES

COPUS-REMOVAL OF THE COPUS FAMILY-MRS. SARAH

VAIL-REMOVAL OF THE DELAWARES.

" Through the land where we for ages

Laid our bravest, dearest dead,

Grinds the savage white man's plowshare,

Grinding sire's bones for bread."

THE next inhabitants in the form-of a human being to occupy the territory now embraced in Knox county, after the Mound Builders, were the American Indians. At least, such is the generally received opinion; though whether the Indians and Mound Builders were not contemporaneous is, perhaps, an open question.

The Indian history, as well as that of the Mound Builders, is much involved in obscurity, and much of it largely dependent on tradition, though much of it is authentic and reliable. The Indians, how ever, can be allowed very little, if any, credit for this preservation of their history; it is almost or entirely owing to white occupation that they have any history at all. The day does not seem far distant

HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. - 179

when the Indian race, as a race, will become extinct. If, for any reason, this extinction had occurred before the occupation of this country by the whites, the world would know nothing of the existence of the American Indian. They have erected no monuments, they have neither written or wrought any enduring characters; they have not made an indelible footprint. How many such apparently worthless nations might have had an existence and passed away since the world began, no record will ever tell. Of all the rations that might have lived in America it remained for the Mound Builders alone to leave an enduring record; a history written on the hills and valleys in characters or figures that defies the ravages of time. Even the present intelligent race, were it swept away, would scarcely leave monuments so enduring.

The territory at present embraced in Knox county was in possession of a tribe of Indians known as Delawares upon the advent of the whites, though not exclusively used by that tribe. The several tribes of Ohio were generally on good terms, and though each tribe occupied territory which it considered its own for hunting purposes, yet the boundaries of these possessions were undefined and undefinable with exactness, and the hunters of the different tribes roamed freely over the possessions of all.

Each of the great tribes occupied lands adjacent to some important stream, and considered all the land drained by that particular stream as its hunting grounds. Thus the Miamis occupied the country drained by the Miami river; the Wyandots the country drained by the Sandusky river, and also occupied the Sandusky plains; the Delawares occupied the valley of the Muskingum and its tributaries, one of which, Owl creek, passes through Knox county. All the territory drained by this great river was allotted by general consent to the Delaware nation.

January 21, 1785, a treaty was concluded at Fort McIntosh with the Wyandot, Delaware, Chippewa, and Ottawa nations, by which the boundary line between the United States and the Wyandot and Delaware nations was declared to begin at the mouth of the Cuyahoga, and to extend up said river to the portage, between that and the Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum, thence down that branch to the crossing place above Fort Laurens, thence westerly to the portage of the Big-Miami, at the mouth of Loramie creek where stood Fort Loramie, taken by the French in 1752; thence along said portage to the Great Miami or Omee (Maumee) river, and down the south side of same to its mouth; thence along the south shore of Lake Erie to the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, to the place of beginning. The United States allotted all the lands contained within said lines to the Wyandot and Delaware nations, to live and hunt on, and to such of the Ottawa nation as lived thereon; saving and reserving for the establishment of trading posts, six miles square at the mouth of the Miami, or Omee river, and the same at the Portage, on that branch of the Big Miami which runs into the Ohio, and the same on the Sandusky lake, where the fort formerly stood; also two miles square on either side of the lower rapids of the Sandusky.

The southern boundary line, established by the terms of the above-mentioned treaty, passed across the northern part of the present limits of Knox county. The line forms the northern boundary of Knox from the northeast corner to about the centre of Pike township, where it enters the county, passing across the northern part of Pike township near the village of North Liberty, thence across Berlin township near the village of Ankenytown, a little north of it; thence across Middlebury township near the village of Haneytown. This line was subsequently (in 1795) re-established and extended into Indiana, by the Greenville treaty, made by General Wayne.

By this treaty a large territory was ceded to the United States, including nearly all of Knox county. The Indians were not, however, removed, but continued to live and hunt on their old grounds until later in the century; and even up to the War of 1812 many of them were here.

Regarding a history of the Delaware nation, Colonel John Johnston, an excellent authority on such matters, writes thus:

The true name of this once powerful tribe is Wa-be-nugh-ka, that is, "the people from the east." or "the sun rising." The tradition among themselves is, that they originally, at some very remote period, emigrated from the west, crossed the Mississippi, ascending the Ohio, fighting their way, until they reached the Delaware river (so named from Lord Delaware), near where Philadelphia now stands, in which region of country they became fixed.

180 - HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY.

About this time they were so numerous that no enumeration could be made of the nation. They welcomed to the shores of the new world that great law-giver, William Penn, and his peaceful followers, and ever since this people have entertained a kind and grateful recollection of them; and to this day, speaking of good men, they would say, "Wa-she-a E-le'ne"--such a man is a Quaker, i. e., all good men are Quakers. In 1823 I was Indian agent at Piqua, Ohio, and removed to the west of the Mississippi persons of this tribe who were born and raised within thirty miles of Philadelphia. These were the most squalid, wretched and degraded of their race, and often furnished their chiefs with a subject of reproach against the whites; pointing to these of their people and saving to us "see how you have spoiled them" meaning, they had acquired all the bad habits of the white people, and were ignorant of hunting and incapable of making a livelihood as other Indians.

In 1819, there were belonging to Johnston's agency in Ohio, eighty Delawares, who were stationed near Upper Sandusky, and in Indiana two thousand three hundred of the same tribe.

Bockinghelas was the principal chief of the Delawares after Johnston went into the Indian country; he was a distinguished warrior in his day, and an old man when the agent knew him. Killbuck, another Delaware chief, had received a liberal education at Princeton college, and retained until his death the outlines of the morality of the gospel.

Killbuck's creek, in Wayne county, was named from Killbuck. His village, called Killbuck's town, was on the road from Wooster to Millersburgh, on the east of the creek, about ten miles south of Wooster. It is laid down on maps published as early as 1754. When the country was first settled Killbuck was a very old man. There were at least two chiefs of this name.

The Delaware Indians had a settlement at or near Jeromeville (Ashland county), which they left at the beginning of the war (1812). Their chief was Captain Pipe, who resided near the road to Mansfield, one mile south of Jeromeville. When young he was a great warrior, and the implacable foe of the whites. When asked "why his tribe fought so desperately?" he replied, "He who will not defend the graves of his dead is not worthy the name of man." He was in St. Clair's defeat, where, according to his own account, he distinguished himself and slaughtered white men until his arm was weary with the work. He had a daughter of great beauty. A young chief of noble mein fell in love with her, and, on his suit being rejected, mortally poisoned himself with the May apple. A Captain Pipe (son of old Captain Pipe) whose Indian name was Pauhangecanpouye, removed to the small Delaware Reserve, in the upper part of Marion county, and when his tribe sold out, about forty years since, accompanied them to the far west, where he died.

At an early day the Indians, in great number, came to Mount Vernon to trade. They encamped on the river bank, and brought large quantities of furs and cranberries to dispose of for goods. Their method of trading is worthy of notice. They walked in deliberately and seated themselves, upon which the merchant presented each with a small piece of tobacco. Having lighted their pipes, they returned the residue to their pouches. These pouches were made of a whole mink skin, dressed with the hair on, and with a slit cut in the throat, for an opening. In it they kept, also, some kinnickinnick bark, or sumach, which they always smoked with their tobacco, in the proportion of. about three of the former to one of the latter. After smoking and talking awhile together, one only at a time arose, went to the counter, and, taking up a yard-stick, pointed to the first article he desired, and inquired the price. The questions were, "how many buckskins for a shirt pattern?" "or "how many for cloth for leggings?" etc. Their skin currency had an established value. A muskrat skin was equal to a quarter of a dollar; a raccoon skin, a third of a dollar; a doeskin, half a dollar; and a buckskin, one dollar. The Indian, learning the price of an article, paid for it by pick. ing out and handing over the skins, before proceeding to purchase the second, when he, repeated the process, and so on through the whole, paying for everything as he went on, and never waiting, for that purpose, until he had finished. While the first Indian was trading, the others looked uninterruptedly on, and when he was through another took his place, and so on, in rotation, until all had traded. No one desired to trade before his turn, and all observed a proper decorum, and never attempted to get the price down, but, if dissatisfied with the price, passed on to the next article. They were cautious not to trade while intoxicated; but usually preserved some of their skins to buy liquor, and end their visit with a frolic.

HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. - 181

Several camps of Delawares were located within the limits of this county prior to the War of 1812. One, located on the bottom land of Owl creek, just opposite the mouth of Centre run, is remembered by the older citizens, who often speak of "the Indian field." Another camp was situated in the neighborhood of what is now Fredericktown; another at Greentown, now in Ashland county, then under the jurisdiction of Knox county. Some of the old pioneers have seen several times old Crane, the Wyandot chief; Armstrong, and Captain Pipe, the Delaware chiefs.

Custaloga was a chief of the Delawares, of the Wolf tribe, and represented the Delawares at the council that met Colonel Boquet at the forks of the Muskingum (Coshocton) October 17, 1764. The expedition under Colonel Boquet came from Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh), and numbered fifteen hundred men. One of the results of the council was the recovery of over two hundred white captives, which had been stolen from the early settlements of the whites near the Ohio river, and western part of Pennsylvania. Many of these captives had grown up from childhood with the Indians, and some had intermarried with them. When they were thus reclaimed by fathers and brothers who had long mourned their loss, and who had accompanied the expedition, many of the captives, instead of rejoicing were thrown into great unhappiness. They clung to their Indian friends and relations, crying with loud lamentations at the separation, and, in some cases, were with great difficulty torn away.

Custaloga was one of the principal speaking chiefs at the council. It is supposed his home was at one of the Indian fields so numerously found by the early white settlers along the Owl Creek valley; a principal and very large one of which was at Elmwood, a little below or opposite to the present city of Mount Vernon, and on the right bank of the river.

In 1820 an Indian squaw of the Stockbridge tribe was shot near the county line, between Utica and Martinsburgh, in Licking county. She was taken to Mount Vernon, where she died. One McLane shot her, and was sent to the penitentiary for it. He and four others, named McDaniel, Evans, Chadwick, and Hughes, were engaged in chopping, when this squaw, and others of the tribe, came along and camped near them. The diabolical proposition was made and accepted, that they should play cards, and that the loser should shoot her. McLane was the loser and did the shooting; his confederates were tried with him and acquitted. McLane died before his- term in the penitentiary had expired, according to some authorities, and according to others served his time out.

The squaw was shot through the thigh, and was carried to Mount Vernon by her companions and placed in the old log gunsmith shop of John Earnhart on High street; but the quarters becoming uncomfortable on account of the cold November weather, she was removed to a log house on the northwest corner of Mulberry and Vine streets, where she died. 'true to the stoicism of her race, she never groaned or complained, though her sufferings were intense. Her five or six Indian companions remained with her until her death, when they buried her in the northeast corner of the old graveyard. For several years her husband would return in November, to see that her grave remained undisturbed. Her name was Rachel Konkupote. She gave birth to a female child while lying confined by her wound, and on her death the child was given to John and Judah Bird, colored persons of Morgan or Clay township. The child was named Mary, and the legislature subsequently undertook to dispose of it. Hence the habeas corpus case, tried before judge Brown, on the twentieth of November, 1820, noted by Norton, as follows:

In this year (1820) an interesting case was presented in an allowance of a writ, on the twentieth of November, by Judge Brown, requiring John Bird and Judah Bird to bring into court the body of an Indian child, daughter of Rachel Conkapote (Konkupote,, deceased, by her husband, Elisha Conkapote [Konkupote} both Indians of the Stockbridge tribe. Judges Young and Chapman also appeared, and the whole court lent itself to an impartial examination of the case, which resulted in their leaving the little Indian in the hands of the Birds, John and Judah.

The legislature subsequently allowed the Birds fifty dollars per annum for the support of the child. This legislation was procured by Hormer Curtis, esq., in 1822, then a member of the lower house of the legislature.

Among the orders issued by the county June 6, 1820, were the following:

182 - HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY.

No. 3,928-Paying Moody and McCarty for articles furnished overseers of the poor for the squaw that was Shot - $2.84.4

No. 3,929-Hormer Curtis and Mott for expenses incurred for the sick squaw 1.00. 0

No. 3,930--Jacob Martin, making coffin for squaw... 6.00. 0

The following regarding Indian troubles in the northern part of Knox county (now Richland) is taken from the history of Richland county:

When war was declared with Great Britain, in the spring of 1812, a feeling of uneasiness ran through the border settlements. The Indians had always been allies of the English as against Americans; and they would have been equally allies of any other power that would have assisted them in regaining the territory that was being wrested from them by the advancing pioneers.

Tecumseh, the brave and eloquent chief, was earnestly engaged in uniting the Indian tribes, inducing them to take up the hatchet, and, with the help of the British, drive the Americans from their country. Very few soldiers were then upon the border for the protection of the settlers; block-houses and means of defence were scarce. When ,he American commander, General Hull, surrendered, this feeling of insecurity was increased to one of alarm. It was supposed that a British invading army would immediately cross the State of Ohio, and that the Indians would be let loose upon the defenceless settlers. Block-houses were immediately erected for protection-they sprang up, like mushrooms, almost in a single night. Two were erected on the site of Mansfield; one on Rocky fork, at Beam's mill (now Goudy's mill); one on the Clear fork of the Mohican, and one where Ganges now stands. The block-houses at Mount Vernon and Fredericktown were also erected about this time. Within reach of these rude works the pioneers felt comparatively safe. A few of them could defend themselves against quite a force of savages; and, as rapidly as possible, these works were occupied by soldiers.

There had been, for some years, a camp of Indians at Greentown on Black fork-about one hundred of them. A few were Mohawks, but most of them were Delawares, under an old chief named Armstrong. They had always lien friendly and neighborly with the whites, and quite a settlement of white people had gathered around them. Fearing that Tecumseh would influence these Indians to engage in the war, and that they would suddenly fall upon the settlers and murder them, the military authorities determined to remote them. It was the policy- of the government to gather all the friendly Indians together as much as possible-to separate the sheep from the goats, as it were-that it might know who were its friends and who its enemies. This was the motive for the order removing the Greentown Indians. However unjust it might seem to drive them from their homes and hunting-grounds, it a-a, m accordance with a general policy that seemed to be for the best. A great many friendly Indians were gathered near the present site of Piqua, Ohio, where they were under the protection and supervision of the military. To this place it was decided to remove these Indians, and the task was intrusted to Colonel Samuel Kratzer, mho had arrived at Mansfield with his command from Knox county. His soldiers were scattered about the vicinity, building block-houses and doing garrison duty. One company, under command of Captain Martin, was stationed at the block-house at Beam's Mill. In September, Colonel Kratzer sent a company of soldiers, under Captain Douglas, to bring the Greentown Indians to Mansfield. It was a delicate and disagreeable duty. When Douglas arrived at tire village and reported his mission to the chief, Captain Armstrong hesitated about obeying the order. He had eighty fighting men under his command, and could have made a vigorous resistance. It seemed cruel to remove these people from their homes, where they were living quietly, attending to their own business, molesting too one, and surrounded by their families and the comforts of life; in a country wonderfully beautiful, which they had always called their own. What wonder is it that they hesitated to obey this peremptory order? These Indians were in a great degree under the influence of Christianity. Missionaries had visited them regularly for years, and preached in their council. house. They traded freely with the whites, and were more intelligent and further on the road to civilization than most other tribes. The village site had been selected for the romantic beauty of its scenery; it is said by those who visited it at that period that no more lovely spot could be found; yet they must leave this at the bidding of destiny. It seems as if it was ordained that this race should be ground to powder under the heel of civilization.

The Indians were thrown into a violent state of excitement upon the appearance of the soldiers for their removal. Captain Armstrong trembled with suppressed emotion; so much so that he could hardly reply to Captain Douglas. The camp was like a powder magazine-a spark would have caused an explosion a word would have brought on a desperate struggle. Douglas, finding he would have some difficulty, concluded to go to Mr. James Copus, for his advice and assistance, desiring, if possible, to avoid bloodshed.

James Copus was the first settler in Mifflin township. He was born in Greene county, Pennsylvania, about the year 1775; married in his native county in 1796; emigrated to Richland county in March, 1809, and settled on the Black fork of the Mohican. He first located about three miles east of the present site of Charles' mill, on what has since been called Zimmer's run, where he erected a camp cabin of poles. 1n this cabin he lived eighteen months, when he moved down nearer to Black fork, about three-fourths of a mile from that stream, where a beautiful spring gushes from the foot of a high rocky ridge or bluff. Here he built a permanent cabin on land be had selected, and began clearing off a farm. Meanwhile, he had become well known to the Greentown Indians; was on the most friendly terms with them, and was much respected by them. He was a man of strong religious convictions a Methodist, and frequently preached for them in their council-house. He was a stout, fearless, industrious German, and soon had a small patch cleared about his cabin, fenced with brush and logs, and planted in corn. He possessed a yoke of oxen and a cow or two. A few white neighbors soon gathered around him, among whom were James Cunningham, Andrew Craig, David and Samuel Hill and Mr. Lambrigbt. The settlement came to be known as the Blackfork or Copus settlement. The Indians soon learned to trust. Mr. Copus, to believe in his honesty and fidelity, and in consequence, he soon acquired great influence over them. It was to this man that Captain Douglas went, to secure, if possible, his influence in getting the Indians removed without a conflict. Mr. Copus entertained some peculiar views respecting human. rights; his sympathies were with the Indians, and be was strongly opposed to their removal. He liked them as neighbors, believed

HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. - 183

they were inclined to peace, and could not see the necessity of driving them from their homes. He entered. into along conversation with the officer, respecting the justness of his mission. He maintained that they had suffered the most shameful wrongs, and that a God of mercy would demand restitution from the hands of the whites. He at first refused to assist the officer, declaring to him, that, if he would not disturb them, he would himself stand accountable for their conduct. All Mr. Copus' arguments were to no purpose. The officer stated simply that his orders were peremptory to remove them, and, however unjust it might be, he could not do less than obey orders. Mr. Copus saw that if he did not use his influence and persuade the Indians to go peaceably, there would he bloodshed, and, with this view, he at last agreed to accompany the officer to the Indian village; first stipulating, however, that, should the Indians quietly surrender, their lives and property- should be protected. This Captain Douglas promised, and taking with him his three sons, Henry. James and Wesley, they proceeded to the village. Through Mr. Copus' influence, the Indians were persuaded to go quietly away with the soldiers, after being assured that their property should be protected and restored to them, and that they should be protected on the march. Prior to this they had assured Peter Kinney, a neighbor, that, if permitted to remain, they would surrender their guns and war-like weapons, and answer to roll-call every day, but as Captain Douglas had no discretionary power, this could not be done.

A schedule of their property was taken by James Cunningham and Peter Kinney, and they took up their line of march across the Black fork, turning their faces from a home they, as a tribe, were never to see again. 'they were taken across to the new State road, thence to Lucas, and from there to Mansfield, camping in the deep ravine, which now crosses the First ward, above the bridge on youth Main street. It is now called Ritter's run. Some eight or. ten soldiers straggled from Douglas' command, and remained behind at the Indian village. \o sooner had Armstrong and his people disappeared in the forest, than these soldiers deliberately, to the surprise and distress of Mr. Copus, set fire to the village and burned it to the ground. Nearly everything the Indians left behind was consumed. The village contained some sixty comfortable log houses, a large council house, and much personal property, which the Indians were unable to carry with them.

This is the statement of Mr. Wesley Copus, who was present. He is now dead, but the statement was written down in his presence, and by his dictation, some years before he died. He attributed the untimely death of his father to this act of perfidy on the part of Douglas' command.

After being joined by a few Indians from Jeromeville, Colonel Kratzer and his command conducted the Indians through Berkshire and across Elm creek, in Delaware county, to Piqua.

It is said the Indians discovered volumes of smoke rising over the tree tops, surmised that their property was being burnt, and some of them vowed a terrible vengeance.

Captain Thomas Steene Armstrong, chief of the Greentown Indians, whose Indian name was Pamoxet, was born in Pennsylvania, somewhere on the Susquehanna river. He was not a full blooded Indian, but very dark-skinned; the name Steene probably alluded to some white relative, in this country. He first came into notice at the treaty of Fort Industry, July 4, 1805. He was probably chief of the Turtle branch of the Lenni Lenape, or Delaware tribe, and located at Greentown, about the time Captain Pipe made his residence near Mohican Johnstown. He was often visited by the Moravian missionary Heckewelder, long before any white settlers made their appearance.

At the tune these white settlers came, Captain Armstrong appeared to be about sixty-five years of age; was a small man, slightly stooping, rather dignified and reticent, dressed in full Indian costume, and appeared to advantage. He had two wives-one an old squaw, by whom he had James .and Silas, and, probably, other children. He married a young squaw in 1808, by whom he had children. He frequently visited the cabin of James Copus, and made sugar there the first spring after his arrival. James and Silas often shot at a mark, with bows and arrows, with James and Wesley Copus, in the sugar camp. They also amused themselves by hopping, wrestling, and other boyish sports. Armstrong had .two Indian slaves, or servants, both deaf. They were of some other tribe. He was a harmless old chief, and treated every one very kindly. The favorite hunting ground of his tribe was in Knox county, along Owl creek and its tributaries, and frequently they had difficulty with the early settlers of that region. After their removal to Piqua, Armstrong settled in the Upper Sandusky region, among the Delawares and Wyandots, and never returned to Greentown; but his boys, however, James and Silas, frequently came back. The chief was a good Indian doctor, and could talk very good English. His descendants married among the Wyandots and Delawares, and, when these tribes were removed, went with them beyond the Mississippi, settling near Wyandot, Kansas.

During the short time the Greentown Indians were encamped in Mansfield, two of them, a warrior and his daughter, a little girl, escaped flora the guards and made their way toward Upper Sandusky. This Indian's name was Toby; he did not belong to the Greentown Indians, but to another tribe located at Upper Sandusky. For some reason, his little daughter had been living with the Greentown Indians, and, when he found they were being removed by the Government, he came to take her home, and met her at Mansfield. Here he found her under guard, and not being able to get her away openly, he succeeded in getting her through the guards, and they started for Upper Sandusky. At that time there was, in Colonel Kratzer's s command, a company of soldiers from Coshocton, and, among them, two men by the name of Morrison and McCulloch; the latter had a brother killed by the Indians at Brownstown. These two men took their rifles and started in pursuit of the fugitives, on the Sandusky trail. Two miles out, they overtook and immediately fired upon them, wounding the father. They then returned to town. The Indian ran about forty rods to a stream, and laid, down in it. Morrison and McCulloch told what they had done; and a company of soldiers, under Sergeant J. C. Gilkinson, and accompanied by the two scouts, Morrison and McCulloch, went out to look for the wounded Indian, and found him still alive, lying in the stream. As they approached, he lifted his hands, imploring mercy, but there was no mercy for him. Morrison drew his tomahawk from his belt and banded it to McCulloch, saying, "Take revenge for your brother's blood." McCulloch walked deliberately up, and, in spite of the entreaties of Mr. Gilkinson, sank the tomahawk into the Indian's skull, up to the handle.

They then took the body out of the water, and, having piled some logs on it, left it for the present and went home, taking along the gun, tomahawk, and other articles belonging to the Indian. Some days after, they returned, cut off the head of the Indian, scalped it, brought it to town and stuck it on a pole in the street, where it remained several days, when some one,

184 - HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY.

becoming disgusted with the sight, took it down and boded it. Dr. J. P. Henderson, still living, adds to the above the following: "The scalp they filled with whisky, handed it around and drank from it, though mixed with blood."

The daughter escaped, and, after living nine days on berries, arrived safely at Sandusky. Nothing could be done to punish Morrison and McCulloch for this crime, as there was a standing order that all Indians found in the woods, outside the guards, should be shot.

About the same time the Indians were removed from Greentown, Levi Jones was killed, near Mansfield. On the thirteenth of August, 1812, John Wallace and a man by the name of Reed went out a half-mile east of town to clear off a places for a brickyard. In the afternoon, Levi Jones, who kept a grocery in the cabin on the Sturgis corner, went out where they were at work and remained with them some time. In retorting, he took a different mute from the one by which he went out, it being a trail through the woods. When he reached the vicinity of the brick block lately known as the Friendly Inn, and near the foot of the hill on the east side of North Main street, he was fired upon by a party of Indians in ambush. It is supposed this was a party of the Greentown Indians. They probably had some grudge against Jones, who sold whisky, and had trouble with them at different times on this account. One shot took effect, the ball entering the back of the left hand, passing through the hand and entering the right breast. The hand through which the ball passed was confined at his breast by a sling, in consequence of a felon on his thumb. Jones did not fall immediately, but, giving a yell of pain and alarm, started on a run for the block-house. He might have reached it, but unfortunately came in contact with a brush across the path, which threw him backward upon the ground. Before he could regain his feet, the Indians were upon him, and finished their work by stabbing him several times in the back. They then scalped him, and, having secured his hat and handkerchief, gave the scalp yell and left.

John Pugh and Mr. Westfall were working a few rods from the place, and hearing the yell, ran into town and gave the alarm. They returned, and found Jones lying dead in the trail, but, fearing an ambush, left him there and returned to the block-house. In a very few- minutes everybody in the vicinity heard the news, and all immediately took shelter in the block-house. The excitement was very great; they momentarily expected an attack. During all this time, the supposition was that Reed and Wallace, who were clearing the brickyard in that direction, had also been killed by the Indians, and that the latter were still lurking in the neighborhood. The wives of Reed and Wallace were almost frantic, thinking their husbands had been murdered. It was now about sundown, and, as it seems there were no soldiers in the block-house at that time, .it was determined to send immediately to Mount Vernon for help. Who would volunteer to go, was the question. It was a hazardous journey; whoever volunteered would stand a fair chance of losing his scalp. It happened that, just at that time, the eccentric but brave Johnny Appleseed was present. He immediately volunteered to undertake the hazardous journey, and started about dark, bareheaded and barefooted, through the wilderness. He reached Mount Vernon in safety, and with such expedition that Captain Garey, with a party of soldiers, was at the block-house by sunrise the next morning.

On this journey Johnny Appleseed gave a warning cry at every cabin he passed, informing the inmates that Reed, Wallace, and Jones were killed, -and that the Indians were passing south. There was something awful, it is said, in Johnny's warning cry, as he pounded at the door of each cabin he passed, and shouted to the inmates: "Flee! flee! fur your lives! The Indians are upon you," and, before they could open the door, or fairly comprehend his meaning, this angel of mercy had disappeared in the darkness and night, on his way with the fleetness of a deer to the next cabin

And, pressing forward like the wind,

Left pallor and surprise behind.

Shortly after Johnny left, Reed and Wallace made their appearance at the block-house, safe and sound, to the great joy of all.

When the soldiers arrived in the morning, the body of Jones was brought in on a sled and buried, and a search made for any savages that might be lurking about. The place where the Indians had tied their horses was found near the foot of the hill upon which judge Geddes now resides. The next day Captain Douglas raised a company of fifteen volunteers, and started on the trail of the Indians, following it to Upper Sandusky. They came so near the fugitives the second day, that they found their camp-fires still burning. At Upper Sandusky they found Governor ate-Arthur with a company from Chillicothe, and remained there several days, searching the Indian camp for the murderers of Jones, but did not find them. Some three hundred friendly Indians were encamped there. Douglas did not thick it safe to return by the way he wear, and came back be way of Fredericktown. The men were roughly dressed, and had handkerchiefs tied about their heads instead of hats. They looked more like Indians than white men; and, as they were going into Fredericktown, they fired off their guns by way of salute, and greatly frightened the inhabitants. Two women fainted in the street, and a general stampede for the blockhouse took place.

The murder of Jones must have happened a few days before the removal of the Greentown Indians, as at that time soldiers were already occupying the block-houses on the square,

Two weeks after the removal of the Greentown Indians. Martin Ruffner, and the Zimmer* family, living on the Black fork, about five miles north of the site of the burned village, sere murdered. The deed was supposed to have been committed by a portion of Armstrong's band, in retaliation for the injuries they had suffered, and it was also supposed they had a grudge against the Zimmer family, as members of that family had, on different occasions, tied clapboards to the, tails of their ponies. Their ponies were allowed to run loose in the woods, and annoyed Mr. Zimmer by getting into his core-field. Any insult to their ponies was made a personal matter, and reserved accordingly.

Martin Ruffner came from Shenandoah county, Virginia, and settled in Pleasant township, Fairfield county, Ohio, in 1807. He was accompanied by his mother, brother 'Michael, and a sister, who married one Richard Hughes. Martin Ruffner returned to Virginia a year or two before he settled in Richland county, and married. In the spring of 1812, he and his relatives located on what is now Staman's run, in Mifflin township, half a mile a little north of west of the present village of Mifflin. He was of German origin, a bold, fearless backwoodsman, and

* This has generally been written "Seymour," but the correct name has been ascertained to be Zimmer. The settlers in that direction (including this family) were Germans, and their pronunciation of the name Zimmer sounds very much like "Seymour," hence the mistake.

HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. - 185

an uncompromising enemy of the Indians, several of his friends and relatives having been murdered by them. On his arrival in Mifflin, he built a cabin on the brow of the hill, not far from the Black fork, about five minutes' walk from the present residence of Mr. Jacob Staman, and on the latter 's farm. While building this cabin and clearing around it, with the help of a bound boy named Levi Bargahiser, his mother and brother boarded with his brother-in-law, Richard Hughes, while he and Bargahiser kept "bachelor's hall" at the cabin. They had just entered their lands at Canton, and were preparing for a permanent residence.

Mr. Zimmer, with his family, came about the same time, located his land and built his cabin about two and a half miles southeast of Mr. Ruffner. His family consisted of his wife, a beautiful girl named Kate, and his son Philip, aged nineteen. He was an old man, not able to do much work, and, desiring to prepare some fifteen or twenty acres for corn, he employed Michael Ruffner to assist his son Philip.

Early in September, one afternoon, while Michael Ruffner was walking along the trail leading from the cabin of Frederick Zimmer to that of his brother, he met a party of Indians" who were well armed with guns, knives, and tomahawks, and appeared very friendly. They asked him if the Zimmers were at home, and upon receiving an affirmative reply, passed on. Having his suspicions aroused, he hastened to the cabin of his brother Martin, and informed him of his meeting with the Indians. Martin's suspicions were aroused, and taking down his rifle, he mounted a fleet mare, and rode rapidly down the trail to the Zimmer cabin. He arrived before the Indians; and after a short consultation it was decided that Philip Zimmer should hasten to the cabin of James Copus, who lived about two miles further south, on the trail, give the alarm in that neighborhood, and return with assistance. Meanwhile the Grave Ruffner was to remain and defend the family. Philip Zimmer hastened to Mr. Copus' cabin, and from there to John Lambright s two miles further south, on the Black fork. Lambright returned with him, and, joined by Mr. Copus, they all proceeded together to the Zimmer cabin, where they arrived in the early part of the evening. Finding no light in the cabin, and all being silent, fears were entertained that the inmates had been murdered, Mr. Copus moved cautiously around to the back window, and listened a moment; but hearing no movement, he crept quietly around to the door, which he found slightly ajar; and pressing upon it, found some obstruction behind it. He at once suspected the family had been murdered; and on placing his hand upon the floor, found it wet with blood. There was no longer any doubt. Hastening back to Philip and Lambright, who were concealed a short distance from the cabin, he stated his discoveries and convictions.

Philip became frantic with grief and excitement, and desired to rush into the cabin to learn the whole truth. In this he was prevented by the others, who feared that the Indians were yet concealed in the cabin, awaiting his return. Persuading Philip to accompany them, they hastened back to the cabin of Mr. Copus, and, taking the tatter's family, they all proceeded as rapidly as possible to Mr. Lambright's. This family was added to their numbers, and they pushed on to the cabin of Frederick Zimmer, jr.. Philip's brother, and he and his family joined the fugitives. They hastened along an Indian trail, near where the

* One account makes the number two, another three, another four, and still another, five. village of Lucas now stands, and stopped at the cabin of David Hilt, where they remained until the next morning, when, accompanied by the family of Hill, all proceeded to the block-house at Beam's mill. This fort was then occupied by a company of soldiers under Captain Martin. A party of these soldiers, accompanied by Mr. Copus, Philip and Frederick Zimmer, Hill and Lambright, all well armed, proceeded by the most direct route through the forest, to the cabins of Martin Ruffner and Richard Hughes. They found the cabin of Ruffner had not been disturbed, the boy Bargahiser having slept there alone the night before; and the cabin of Hughes was also undisturbed. Ruffner had, a short time prior to this, upon the surrender of Hull, sent his wife and child to Licking county, to a Mr. Lair, or Laird, an uncle, who lived about one and a half miles from Utica. At Ruffner's cabin they were joined by Bargahiser, Michael Ruffner and Mr. Hughes, and all hastened down the trail to the Zimmer cabin. Entering it, they found the old gentleman, the old lady and Catharine, all dead upon the floor and dreadfully mangled. The gallant Ruffner was lying dead in the yard. There was every evidence that he had made a desperate struggle for his life and that of the Zimmers. His gun was bent nearly double, and several of his fingers had been cut off by blows from a tomahawk. The struggle had finally ended by his being shot twice through the body. The details of this butchery could never be certainly known, as the prominent actors were all killed; all had also been scalped. It appeared that the table had been set with refreshments for the savages, and most of the food remained. Whether any of the Indians were killed is not known; they would have taken their dead away with them, and destroyed all evidences, if such a catastrophe had happened to them. It is supposed that eight or ten Indians were engaged in this tragedy.

There is a tradition among the early settlers, that an Indian by the name of Kanotchy was taken prisoner some years afterwards, and related the story of this massacre. It appears from this statement that the Indians entered the cabin and seated themselves very sullenly, while the terrified Kate was setting refreshments for them, as was usual. The heroic Dutchman was the only guard of consequence, as Mr. Zimmer was too old to make much resistance. The Indians made the attack very suddenly. Ruffner, not having time to fire, broke the stock in pieces and bent the barrel double in the terrible fight. The odds were too much for him, and he soon went down before superior numbers. As soon as he was out of the way they killed and scalped the old people. At the commencement of the affray Kate fainted and fell to the floor, and until aroused from this state of syncope, was unaware of the murder of her parents. When she came to her senses, she looked about upon a scene of blood and horror, and burst into a paroxysm of weeping. She begged the savages to spare her life, but all to no purpose. They first ascertained from her where her father's money was concealed, and then buried the tomahawk in her brain. While she was in a senseless condition, a consultation had been held over her, to decide whether they should kill her or take her prisoner. It was decided that her life should be taken, but still they hesitated, as no one wished to do the deed. At length it was decided that the one who should perform the deed, should be considered as possessing the greatest heart, whereupon this same Phillip Kanotchy stepped forward, exclaiming, "Me kill white squaw, me got big heart." When Kate saw the tomahawk descending, she raised a beautiful white arm to ward off the blow, which, falling upon the arm, nearly severed it in

186 - HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY.

twain; a second blow did the work-one quiver, and the lovely life went out.

She was engaged to be married to Mr. Henry Smith, who was at that time in the east, attending to some business; they were to be married upon his return.

Martin Ruffner and the Zimmers were buried on a little knoll neat the cabin, in one grave, where the remains still lie. The farm is now owned by a Mr. Culler. After performing the last sad ceremonies over the remains of the murdered pioneers, they returned to the block-house at Beam's, and Michael Ruffner, his mother, and Hughes and family returned to Fairfield county, where they remained.

The settlers were thoroughly aroused by the tragedy, and all fled to the block-house for safety.

When Mr. James Copus and family had remained about five days at the block-house, they became tired of staying, and, hearing nothing of the Indians, determined to return. Having always enjoyed their respect and confidence, and having always been their firmest friend, he felt that they could harbor no ill will toward him or his family. Captain Martin protested against his return, saying that in the present excited state of affairs he would be running great risk. As Mr. Copus insisted on going, nine soldiers were detailed to accompany him. Mr. Copus had seven children, mostly small. They all arrived safely at the cabin, and found everything as they had left it. In the evening, Mr. Copus invited the soldiers to sleep in the ' cabin, but, the weather being yet warm, they preferred to take quarters in the barn, which stood four or five rods north of the cabin, on the trail," that they might have a better opportunity to indulge in frolic and fun, and be less crowded and under less restraint. Before retiring Mr. Copus cautioned them against surprise by any Indians that might be lurking about. During the afternoon, Sarah, a little daughter of Mr. Copus, aged twelve, still living (November, 1880) went into the cornfield a few rods south of the cabin, and, while there, saw an Indian in the edge of the woods skulk behind a brush heap, but, unfortunately, did not relate the circumstance to her father. This child, now Mrs. Sarah Fail, aged eighty-one, says the reason why she did not tell her father of her discovery is that he teas a very strict man in regard to truth, and, fearing she might have been deceived, did not wish to incur his displeasure by creating a false alarm.

That night the dogs kept up a constant barking, and Mr. Copus had many unpleasant dreams-sleeping but little. He was evidently impressed that danger was lurking near. Before daylight, he invited the soldiers into the cabin, telling them he feared some great disaster was about to overtake himself and family. He again laid down to rest, and, when daylight began to appear, the soldiers insisted on going to the spring, about three rods away, to wash. This spring is one of the finest of the many fine springs in Mifflin. It gushes from the base of a hill several hundred feet high, in a large, glittering current of pure soft water. Mr. Copus again cautioned the soldiers of impending danger, telling them that Indians were certainly in the neighborhood or his dogs would not have made such a noise, and urged them to take their guns with them to the spring. They promised to do so, but, on passing out, leaned them against the cabin and went on to the spring. Fatal mistake! The Indians, who had been lurking about the cabin all night,

* A barn occupies the same spot still, and the trail is now a well traveled road. were watching for just such an opportunity as this. Swiftly, silently, stealthily, as a cat creeps upon its prey, they closed in upon the doomed cabin, and, before the soldiers were aware of their presence, were between them and their guns; then came the horrid war-whoop as a score or more of painted warriors rushed upon them with tomahawk and scalping-knife. It seems that only seven of the soldiers went to the spring to wash, the other two--George Luntz and another whose name is not given-were not probably just ready to wash, and were in the cabin when the attack was made. Of these seven at the spring, three were instantly killed. Three more, whose names were George Shipley, John Tredrick and a Mr. Warnock, finding retreat to the cabin impossible, fled to the woods. These were pursued by the Indians, and two of them tomahawked; the third, Mr. Warnock, being fleet on Root might have escaped, but could not outrun a bullet. They fired at him many times while running, one of the balls finally passing through his bowels. The Indians were not aware they had shot him, and gave up the chase. He only went a short distance, however, when, growing weak from loss of blood, he sat down by a tree, stuffed his handkerchief in the wound and died.

The only soldier who regained the cabin was Mr. George Dye, who broke through the mass of savages, and sprang through the cabin door just as it was opened by Mr. Copus. He, however, received a ball through his thigh as he entered. As soon as the attack commenced Mr. Copus sprang from his bed, seized his gun and rushed to the door. Just as he opened it, George Dye sprang through, and a volley of rifle balls came with him. One of these balls gave Mr. Copus a mortal wound, passing through his breast. Mr. Copus had raised his rifle, and, just as he was wounded, fired at an Indian but a few feet away, who fell. The ball that caused Mr. Copus' death passed through the strap that supported his powder-horn. This horn is yet in possession of the family; it is a large, handsome one, and a rare relic. Mr. Copus fell, and was conveyed to his bed, where he breathed his last in about an hour, while encouraging the soldiers to fight the enemy, and, if possible, save his family. On the east of the cabin extended a range of hills several hundred feet high, covered with timber and huge rocks, which furnished an excellent cover for the enemy, and gave them a position from which they could fire down upon the cabin; they were not long in seeking this cover, and, from their secure hiding-places, poured down upon the cabin a perfect storm of leaden hail. The door and roof were soon riddled with bullets. The soldiers tore up the puncheons of the floor, and placed them against the door to prevent the balls from penetrating to the interior of the cabin. Nancy Copus, a little girl, was wounded in the knee by a ball that passed through the door. One of the soldiers, George Launtz, had his arm broken by a ball while up-stairs removing the chinking in order to get a "crack" at an Indian. He soon caught sight of an Indian peering from behind a medium-sized oak that yet stands on the side of the hill about a hundred yards away, and, taking deliberate aim, shot the savage, who bounded into the air and rolled to the foot of the hill into the trail.

The firing became incessant on both sides; wherever the soldiers could make or find a place to fire through they returned the Indian fire with precision and effect. One savage fell mortally wounded directly in front of the cabin, early in the engagement, whether from the ball from the rifle of Mr. Copus is not known. During the battle he was endeavoring to crawl toward the trail, and, although moaning and evidently dying, he attempted several times to elevate his rifle to discharge it upon

HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY. - 187

the cabin, but his strength failed him. A soldier, seeing him attempting to shoot, sent a friendly bullet to ease him of his earthly cares and anxieties. He was shot through the head.

The battle lasted from daybreak until about nine or ten o'clock, when the savages, finding they could accomplish nothing more, raised the retreating yell, gathered up their dead and wounded (one account says nine in number) and left; first firing upon a flock of sheep, which, during the eventful morning, had huddled together upon the brow of the hill, looking down in strange bewilderment upon this scene of bloodshed. The poor affrighted animals tumbled down the hill one after another, until they lay in a heap at the bottom.

As soon as the Indians disappeared, one of the soldiers crawled out through the roof of the cabin, and made all possibly, haste to the block-house at Beam's for assistance. The day before, Captain Martin had agreed to call at the Copus cabin the same evening with a number of soldiers, and remain all night. But he and his soldiers, having been scouting al( day and finding no signs of Indians, concluded that all apprehensions of danger were frivolous, therefore neglected to appear as agreed. He encamped above, on the Black fork, and, on the morning of the disaster, moved leisurely down the tail from the direction of Ruffner's, reaching the scene of the fight too late to aid in the fearful struggle. On approaching the cabin, he and his soldiers were awe-stricken on beholding the work of death around them. They attended at once to the wounded. and the grief-stricken family of Mr. Copus, who were weeping over the murdered husband and father. Search was made for the Indians, but, from the trail through the weeds that grew luxuriantly around the base of the hill, it was found that they had retreated around the southern brow of the bluff, gone up a ravine about a quarter of a mile away, and fled in the direction of Quaker Springs, in Vermillion township, and hence pursuit was abandoned.

Mr. Copus and the murdered soldiers were buried by the command in one grave, at the foot of an apple tree, a few yards south of the cabin, where their bones yet repose. Captain Martin then took the family and wounded, and began his march to the block-house. Proceeding up the valley about half a mile, they halted for the night, placing pickets about the camp to prevent surprise. In all, there were about one hundred persons in this camp that night. The wounded were carried on poles, over which linen sheets had been sewed, making a sort of stretcher. The next morning the little army passed up the trail, near the deserted cabin of Martin Ruffner; crossing the Black fork about where the State road is now located; that being the route by which Martin had advanced. The whole party reached the block-house it. safety that evening. About six weeks after this, Henry Copus and five or six soldiers returned to the cabin, and, on their way, found Sir: Warnock leaning against a tree, as before stated, dead.. They buried him near by.

Thus ends the last tragedy of the Greentown Indians. Their reasons for killing the Zimmer family have been noticed. Their reasons for killing Mr. Copus probably were that he had been instrumental in getting them removed; that is, fearing bloodshed, he had used his influence to get them away peaceably, on promise that their property should be protected. Finding their village destroyed, they entertained bitter and revengeful feelings toward Mr. Copus. As to the number of Indians engaged, nothing whatever is known. It was found on examination of the neighborhood of the Copus cabin, that forty-five fires had been kindled, just south of the corn-field, near where Sarah had seen the Indian. These fires had been kindled in small holes, scooped out of the ground to prevent their being seen. Mrs. Vail thought the Indians had feasted on roasted corn the evening before the attack. Some writers upon this subject have inferred from the number officers fires that there were forty-five Indians engaged in the attack. This reasoning is erroneous, as Indians have frequently been known to build fires for the purpose of deceiving their enemies; and, on the other hand, half a dozen Indians might have used one fire.

Mrs. Copus and her family were removed to Guernsey county, Ohio, by Joseph Archer and George Carroll. They were hauled through the forest to Clinton, Newark, Zanesville and Cambridge by a yoke of cattle, in an ordinary cart. The journey consumed many days, during which most of the family were compelled, on little food, to walk over a rough path, wade small streams, encamp by the wayside, and always in fear of being pursued and captured by the savages. They returned in 1815, and found their cabin as they had left it. A few of the Greentown Indians had also returned and re-erected their cabins, but peace had come by that time, and changed, somewhat, the savage nature of their Indian neighbors, with whom they ever after lived in peace and friendship.

There are yet a few mementos of that battle on the Black fork remaining. A single tog of the old cabin remains, and is doing duty in a smoke-house on the premises. The oak, behind which the Indian was shot, still stands on the hillside, its top partly dead. A neat fume house stands a few feet west of where the cabin stood, and is occupied by Mr. John W. Vail. The spot is a lovely one. To the east, the steep, precipitous hill rises abruptly, and is yet covered with timber and great rocks. It is several hundred (eel high, and from its base still gush the waters of the beautiful spring, just as they did on that fatal morning when they were dyed with human blood. Half a mile south, on the Black fork, lives Mrs. Sarah Vail, in a cabin alone, which she has occupied fifty-seven years. She and her sister, Amy Whetmore, now living in Seneca county, are the only surviving members of the Copus family, and were witnesses of the battle. Mrs. Vail was eighty-one years old January 1, 1881. Her mind is still clear and strong and she has a vivid recollection of that fearful tragedy.

After the war the Indians came straggling back to occupy their old hunting grounds, although but few of them had any fixed residence they soon disappeared forever from this region.

By the treaty concluded at the foot of the Maumee rapids, September 29, 1817, Lewis Cass and Duncan McArthur being commissioners on the part of the United States, there were granted to the Delaware Indians a reservation of three miles square, on or near the northern boundary of Marion county, and adjoining the Wyandot reservation of twelve miles square. This reservation was to be equally divided among the following persons: Captain Pipe, Zeshanau or James Armstrong, Mahantoo or John Armstrong, Sanondoyeasquaw or Silas Armstrong, Teorow or Black Raccoon, Howdorouwatistic or Billy Montour, Buck Wheat, William Dondee, Thomas Lyons, Johnnycake, Cap-

188 - HISTORY OF KNOX COUNTY.

tain Wolf, Isaac and John Hill, Tishatahoones or Widow Armstrong, Ayenucere, Hoomauon or John Ming, and Youdorast. Many of these Indians had lived at Jeromeville and Greentown.

By the treaty concluded at Little Sandusky, August 3, 1829, John McElvain being the United States' commissioner, the Delawares ceded this reservation to the United States for three thousand dollars, and removed west of the Mississippi.

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