220 - CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS CHAPTER VI. (RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE) SCHOOLS AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. COMMON SCHOOLS OF COLUMBUS. The growth of the common school system of the state of Ohio is one of the marvels of the nineteenth century, not only in the cities but the towns, villages and country districts as well. What may be called the principle on which this system was founded was enunciated in opening of the third article of the ordinance of 1787, a prophetic declaration of coming things, in these far-ringing words: "Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government, and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." How wonderfully has this prophetic declaration been amplified by the history of the splendid galaxy of states, extending from the Ohio river to the great northern lakes and to the Father of Waters, carved out of the Northwestern Territory. We may well remember that his ordinance antedates the National Constitution "Done by the United States congress, the 13th day of July, 1787," since the constitution was not adopted until the 13th day of November. 1787. and did not become effective until the first Wednesday in March. 1789. The Four Great Pillars. The descendants of the pioneers who settled the states of Ohio. Indiana, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin, comprising the original Northwest Territory, are entitled to be proud of the fact that they are descended from the founders of the first government builded upon the four great pillars: Religion, Morality, Knowledge, Liberty. The first commonwealth in history with a rescript as its unalienable birth-right, only to become more potential as it automatically divided into four great soverign states of the five and forty sisters. From the beginning the state sought to apply the principle of the ordinance and did apply it according to environment-always going forward. never retrograding, accomplishing the many small things which within the century have made the great accomplishments of today. Very slowly, but with intelligent determination, the successive legislatures moved forward in the work of providing, by an equitable system of taxation, the means whereby the youth without regard to sex or financial CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS - 221 conditions should receive a common education, by a common system and for a common end-the sure upbuilding of a commonwealth for the safety and enjoyment of all. It is only after careful study and scrutiny of the past that we can appreciate the greatness of the work accomplished by our predecessors during the first half of the nineteenth century. We think perhaps that our grandsires took their time in carrying out the injunction of the ordinance, when in 1824, here in Columbus, acting under the laws of the state at large and presumably a special enactment, that in the whole of Montgomery township, now extinguished by the corporation lines of the city of Columbus, the entire revenues for public school and tuition purposes were one hundred and thirty-five dollars and fifty-five cents. Especially does it look small when we reflect that at that time there were eight hundred and eighty-six youths of the school age, or fifteen cents and three mills to be used for each child in the way of employing teachers and buying books. And yet, the parents were generally encouraged by the showing as it was almost twice as great as it had been for some years, thanks to the sale of a section of "school lands," on the proceeds of which interest was being drawn. The Growth of the System. At that time, moreover, the law provided for school districts in -each township, the directors of which were authorized to levy a small tax to build schoolhouses, the cost of which, with volunteer labor thrown in was from fifteen to thirty dollars, depending on whether shingles or clapboards were used for roofing and whether glass or greased paper was used as window pane:. The directors were also authorized in those days to levy a single mill of taxes to pay for the tuition of children whose parents were absolutely unable to pay for the same. All who were able to pay did so; and many a parent "worked out" with a wealthier neighbor to earn the tuition money for his or her children. As time passed the growth of the school fund kept pace with the growth of the counties were authorized to levy a local school tax up to two mills on gether. An act of 1825 aided materially in this regard. It authorized, and by implication required, county commissioners to levy a tax of half a mill on the dollar for school purposes. This put the Ohio common school system fairly on a solid road and thereafter it grew and flourished until it reached its present proportions. Another notable milestone was set up in 1837, 1when the office of state school superintendent, corresponding with the present commissioner of common schools, was created and Professor Samuel Lewis, one of the noted educators of his day, was placed in charge. Permanent Fund Established. The state school fund was permanently established in 1838, the initial sum for annual distribution among the counties according to "school population" being two hundred thousand dollars. In addition the commissioners of the counties were authorized to levy a local school tax up to two mills on 222 - CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS the one hundred dollars. At approximately the same period the United States government distributed the surplus in the national treasury among the several states, two million one hundred thousand dollars being the portion coming to Ohio, and this was later distributed among the counties and became a portion of the school funds. From that period forward the legislation of the state strengthened and reinforced the provisions already made so that the annual fixed revenues from the state treasury now amounts to millions, systematically distributed through the counties to the various schools, while under the existing and carefully matured system. local taxation makes it possible to educate every youth and furnish all the opportunity to secure a practical education at the expense of the whole body of citizens and tax payers. The School Directors. The "directors" provided for in the act of 1821 were the predecessors of the existing board of education although, to an extent differently distributed, with powers enlarged along the original lines. In 1821 the city of Columbus constituted but a single district and the directors (or board of education) were William T. Martin, Peleg Sisson and Charles Hinkle. The present board (1908-1909) consists of Wm. O. Thompson, Charles J. Palmer, John J. Stoddart, for the city at large and the following from the twelve sub-districts: 1, John L. Trauger; 2. Edward Herbst; 3. Charles E. Morris; 4. William -N. Keller: 5, Andrew Timberman; 6, Cassius M. Shepard: 7, Pinckney D. Shriner; 8, Osman E. Pumphrey; 9, M. E. Swanson: 10. Charles S. Means; 11, Abraham Dunlap ; 12. E. F. Wood. A Striking Contrast. It will be recalled that in 1832, the total amount of public revenues available for school purposes was one hundred and thirty-five dollars and fifty-five cents and the number of school youth was one thousand and fifteen. the school age being then from five to fifteen instead of from six to twentyone as at present. For 1907-1908, the latest complete year given. there were registered in all grades twenty-one thousand six hundred and seventy-five pupils of whom ten thousand six hundred and fifty were male and eleven thousand and twenty-five female. The average daily attendance in all the schools, normal, high and elementary, was eighteen thousand and thirty-five and five-tenths, of whom eight thousand eight hundred and ninety-one and seven-tenths were male and nine thousand one hundred and forty-three and eight-tenths female. To instruct, these five principals in charge of classes; ninety-four high school teachers, four hundred and forty-six elementary teachers and eighteen special German teachers, a total of six hundred and two, approximately two thirds as many teachers as there were children of the school age in 1832. In the latter year it will be remembered the total amount of public funds available for school purposes was one hundred and thirty-five dollars and fifty-five cents. In 1907-1908 the sum of four hundred and fifty-nine thou- CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS - 223 sand four hundred and sixty-five dollars and one cent was paid out for the supervision and teaching. The city school revenues from all sources, including balance coming over, for the year were one million two hundred and eighty thousand eight hundred and fifty-four dollars and thirteen cents, an increase of about twelve hundred and fifty per cent, which is approximately the collective ration of the city's advance along all the lines and avenues when consolidated, and the comparison carried to the conclusion will demonstrate that the four great factors set up in the confederate congress in 1787, Religion, Morality, Knowledge. Liberty are strikingly recognizable in the progress of Ohio and its capital an advance, too, in both instances which has been proportional and symmetrical, of even and uniform development of historical monuments, in which. rather than in the tedious descriptive detail of words, the achievments of a people are to he read. In the boards of education following that of 1826 occurs many noted names previous to 1875 among which may be mentioned General P. B. Wilcox. .Judge J. L. Bates. Judge J. W. Baldwin, Colonel Thomas Sparrow, John J. Janney. United States Senator Allen G. Thurman, Secretary of State William Trevitt. John Greiner, J. H. Smith. Otto Dressel, Judge E. F. Bingham. Konrad Mees. Isaac Aston. Frederick Fieser. C. P. L. Butler, S. W. Andrews. L. D. Myers, L. J. Critchfield. Horace Wilson and General Charles C. Walcutt. Roll Call of Principals. To make this brief sketch almost complete and comprehensive, as showing the progress of the common school system about all that is necessary is to enumerate and locate the temples of learning, naming the contemporaneous principals as follows, with Professor J. A. Shawan, superintendent. introducing them in their order: Normal, Sullivant building. Margaret W. Sutherland. Central High, E. Broad and Sixth, W. M. Townsend. East High, Franklin and Loefler avenue, F. B. Pearson. North High, Fourth and Dennison avenues. Charles D. Everett. South High, Deshler avenue and Bruck street, C. S. Barrett. South High Elementary, same location, C. S. Barrett. West High, Central avenue and State. Avondale. Avondale avenue and Town, Katherine C. Palmer. Beck Street. Beck and Grant avenues, Katherine Ritson. Bellows Avenue. Bellows avenue near Sandusky, Nellie J. Roberts. Chicago Avenue, Chicago avenue north of Broad, Ada Stephens.. Douglas. South 17th street near Oak, Eleanor H. Wilmot. East Main, Main street and Miller avenue, Louise. Reither. Eastwood, Eastwood and Winner avenues, Jennie E. Phillips. Eighth Avenue. Eighth and Wesley avenues. Elizabeth R. Fassig. Fair Avenue, Fair near Latta avenue, Harriet E. Bancroft. Felton Avenue, Felton at head of Monroe, Cora B. Runyon. 224 - CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS Fieser, corner West State and Starling, Anna E. Sims. Fifth Avenue, Fifth avenue and Highland, Annie E. Hull. First Avenue, First and Harrison avenues, Ernestine Schreyer. Fourth Street, Fourth and Fulton, Anna Pfeiffer. Franklinton, West Broad and Sandusky, Margaret Koerner. Front, Front and Long streets, Helen Bortle. Fulton, Fulton and Ninth E., Millie Howald. Garfield, Garfield and Mt. Vernon avenues, Augusta Becker. Highland, Highland avenue near Broad street. Daisy I. Charters. Hubbard Avenue, Hubbard avenue near Front, Carrie O. Shoemaker. Livingston Avenue, Livingston avenue and School street, Margaret H. Mulligan. Medary Avenue, Tompkins and Medary avenues, Sarah A. Smith. Michigan Avenue, Michigan and Fourth avenues, Alice Fassig. Mount Street, Mount and Third, Harriet Brocklehurst. Ninth Avenue, Ninth avenue and Worthington, Mary Gordon. Northwood, High and Northwood avenue, Jessie A. Neate. Ohio Avenue, Ohio avenue and Fulton, Mattie Simonton. Park Street, Park and Vine, Helen Millay. Reeb Avenue, Reeb near Parsons, Mary L. Miller. Second Avenue, Second avenue east of High, Harriet Thompson. Siebert Street, Reinhard avenue between Bruck and Pine, Louise Bauer. Southwood, Fourth street and Southward avenue, Mary Esper. Spring Street, E. Spring and Sixth; Cora. Neereamer. Stewart Avenue, Stewart between High and City Park avenue, Caroline Windt. Sullivant, E. State near Sixth, Effie G. Millar. Third Street, Third and Sycamore, Fannie S. Glenn. Twenty-third, Mt. Vernon and Twenty-third street, Jane M. Hammond. There are three terms of school beginning approximately with the first week of January, April and September. There are four grades in the High school and eight in the elementary, numbered one to four in the high and from eight to one in the elementary schools. The organization of the school board comprises, Charles J. Palmer, president; H. P. Judd, clerk; Edward B. McFadden first and Ellen Comstock second assistant clerk. Officers of the public school library : Martin Hensel, librarian, Hattie Toler, Mrs. Mary W. Taft. Mrs. J. L. Eastman, Emma Irene De Muth, Elmer W. Boeshans, assistants; Emma Schaub, cataloguer. Location of library, No. 4 East Town street, north side. Department of Instruction. Professor J. A. Shawan, superintendent; Mamie E. Hartnett, clerk; Ida M. Shick, assistant; W. D. Campbell, supervisor of drawing; Lillian Bicknell, supervisor of industrial art; Mrs. Tillie Lord, supervisor of music, etc.; Anton Liebold, supervisor of physical culture; Christine M. Wood, assistant drawing and industrial art; John E. Jones, truant officer. PAGE 225 - SOUTH HIGH STREET SCHOOL AND MAIN BUILDING OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY PAGE 226 - BLANK CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS - 227 List of School Superintendents, 1847-1909. Asa D. Lord, the first superintendent of the schools of Columbus was also the first man to occupy that position in the state. He was chosen to and entered upon the office on the 15th of May, 1847, and continued to discharge the duties of the position until February, 1854. His first year's salary was six hundred dollars. He established the high school during his first year. David P. Mahew succeeded Mr. Lord as superintendent in 1854, and acted as such until July 10, 1855. Mr. Lord was reelected but resigned to take charge of the Institution for the Blind and Erasmus D. Kingsley became superintendent July 11, 1856, and filled the position until 1865. William Mitchell succeeded him in that year, and held the position until 1871. In that year Robert W. Stevenson succeeded to the position and filled it, as had all his predecessors, with credit and efficiency until 1889, when he was succeeded by Jacob A. Shawan, the present incumbent, and the sixth superintendent in their numerical order. The oldest retired principal and teacher in the City Schools is Miss Sue McLaughlin, residing on Franklin avenue near Parsons. She began teaching at the Mound Street School in 1864. In 1870 she became principal of the Spring Street School and in 1876 principal of the Sullivant School, from which she retired in 1906, after forty-four years of continuous service. Miss Mattie Simonton, principal of the Ohio Avenue School has served nearly as long. Another Striking Contrast. The contrast between the educational strivings of the past and the achievements of the present is only heightened when one rescues from forgetfulness the short and simple annals of the ancient endeavor. As for instance, the building of the first schoolhouse across the river in 1805, by Lucas Sullivant. It stood north of the original site of the old courthouse. It was a log cabin sixteen by sixteen feet. chinked and daubed. clapboard roof weighted down with poles, puncheon floor, fireplace for log fire, slab seats and writing desks and greased paper windows. Here the first school was taught. the Misses Mary Wait and Sarah Reed, being the respective first teachers. Log cabin homes were here and there, the profound wooded wilderness elsewhere, with }.lazed trails leading into it, not through it. Up on the hither .side of the Worthington suburb, Joel Buttles turned teacher in the same year and organized a "subscription school." He agreed to teach a three months' term of five days one week and six days the next, and receive in payment thereof one dollar and sixty-two and one-half cents per pupil and "'board around" according to the number of pupils in each family. He had seven patrons : William Hamilton. Philip Hare, Philip Woollet. Charles Ward. Alexander Dennixon, Robert Molean and Michael Reardon. Hamilton Hare and Woollet subscribed (agreed to pay tuition) for one pupil each : Ward one and one-half; Dennixon and Molean two each: and Reardon three. Thus seven paters subscribed' eleven and one-half children, worth to the subscribee. one dollar and sixty-two and one-half 228 - CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS cents each, or eighteen dollars and sixty-eight and three-fourth cents plus three months' board, and they were duly instructed in the three R's -Reading 'R'ting and 'Rithmetic according to the antediluvian short system of spelling then in vogue, as the written contract required. This munificent sum, as it was not to be sneered at in those days, was paid by the seven subscribers. Dr. Peleg Sisson, afterward a member of the first school board. taught a subscription school on the west side of the river in 1816. A few years later he came to the east side and taught a classical school, and then a school for boys only. William Lusk, the almanac maker. astronomer, civil engineer and mathematician taught. an advanced school on the west side in 1817, and afterward was a successful teacher in the advanced schools on the east side. He was the author of the first Columbus Almanac. The first school on the east side was opened in the hewed log church. which was erected in 1814-1815 on the site of the present school library building on east Town street a prophetic and fitting monument to the pioneer church and school. William T. Martin was the first teacher beginning with the spring of 1815. A classical school was opened by a Mr. Butler. Dr. Sisson succeeded to it and consolidated it with his school on the Franklinton side. For a time it was a school for girls and boys. Then the Doctor taught boys only. A Womanly Woman. In 1818 the wife of David Smith, editor of the Monitor, opened a school for girls, not only teaching them the usual branches of learning, but in sewing, embroidery and like womanly accomplishments. Rudolphus Dickinson, later a congressman from northern Ohio, taught languages in 1820 or thereabout. One of his pupils, David Bigger, became a famous lawyer and governor of Indiana. The first school book, The Explanatory Monitor, published in Columbus, appeared in 1818, under the supervision of John Kilbourne. Private and select schools kept pace with the growth of population, active in which were Squire John Shields, Miss Reed and Miss Wait hitherto mentioned. Rev. James Labaree, J. B. Masterson, Horace Wilcox, Abiel Foster and Miss Catharine Foster, his sister, Mr. and Mrs. Schenck and others whose names have disappeared from the mildewed and mouldered records of the past. The Columbus Academy, erected in 1821 by Lucas Sullivant and a score of associates, with Aaron G. Brown, Anna Treat and other workers, built out in the wooded district where the second Presbyterian church now stands, performed its mission and passed on, as did the Esther Institute, to shelter which, what is now known as the Trinity House on East Broad, opposite Trinity, with the well-trained educators, Professors Charles Jucksch and T. G. Wormley and Miss Hermine A. P. Tetu-all, schools and teachers alike valuable contributors to -and ingredients in the great educational triumph of the twentieth century flashing greetings to the centuries to come. CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS - 229 1850-CAPITAL UNIVERSITY-1909. Capital University is a child of the church and its purpose is to serve the church. It is distinctively a Christian institution of learning. It was established in 1850 as an academic department mainly for the theological seminary which was founded by the Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and other states in the city of Columbus, Ohio, in 1830. This organization, an Evangelical Lutheran body with a communicant membership of more than a hundred thousand and a clerical roll of over five hundred pastors serving eight hundred congregations, has now for a half a century controlled Capital University. While the chief purpose has been and still is to serve as a feeder to the theological seminary, the institution seeks also to prepare men for other professions by offering them a truly liberal education on the basis of the principles of God's Word. Instruction in this word accordingly constitutes a regular part of the curriculum, but is not, obligatory for those whose parents or guardians desire to have them excused. While the institution is a Lutheran school, young men not of this denomination are also welcomed. There are two courses in the college, the classical and the scientific the former leading to the degree of A. B., the latter to the degree of B. S. In the classical course the ancient languages are given the prominence in accordance with the traditional pedagogical methods of the Lutheran church of Germany, as these are best exemplified by the German gymnasium work, the conviction being entertained by the authorities that the thorough study of the classical languages constitutes the best basis to achieve that mental drill and development which it is the chief object of a college to furnish. But side by side with the work in the classical languages, the other departments, those of mental and moral sciences, of the English language and literature, of mathematics, of history, etc., all receive their proper attention. Chiefly for practical reasons special attention is paid to the German, as the great majority of the congregations of the synod of Ohio, for whom the institution aims to prepare thoroughly equipped pastors, are either entirely or partly German. The scientific course was opened in the year 1895 in response to a request of the alumni. It purposes to teach the natural sciences thoroughly and from the point of view that in this department too the fear of God is the beginning of wisdom. In connection with the college there is also a preparatory department, the purpose of which is to give a solid English education, to lay the foundation for a thorough study of the classics, mathematics, German and the sciences. and especially to lead up to the regular collegiate course. The course extends over two years. The college was formerly situated in the old Capital University building, now Northern Hotel, north of the depot in Columbus, but in 1876 moved to a new locality east of Columbus, just beyond the city limits, but connected with it by two street car lines. The college grounds are about three miles from the center of the city. The large building erected when the change 230 - CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS took place is used solely as a dormitory, society hall, etc., while a new building erected in 1891 contains the recitation rooms, library, chapel, laboratory, etc. The college campus includes eighteen acres. Opposite the campus is the college church with a regularly organized congregation and regular services in German and English. A combined auditorium and gymnasium was erected in 1905-06. The original incorporators were : James Manning, C. G. Schweizerbarth, Christian Spielmann, Christopher Albrecht, John Leist, Jacob Beck, Gustavus Machold and Lewis Heyl. Trustees of said seminary, Samuel Galloway, Henry Stanbery, Lincoln Goodale, Samuel M. Smith, George M. Parsons, Thomas Sparrow, John P. Bruck, Thomas Roberts, Matthew Gooding and Fernando C. Kelton, of Franklin county; George W. Boerstler, of Fairfield county; Andrew Henkel and Emanuel Gebhart, of Montgomery county; Henry Lang, of Sandusky county; Emanuel Greenwald and John Minnich, of Tuscarawas county; Dewalt Rothacker, Augustus B. Bierdemann and Jacob Stemple, of Carroll county; Henry Everhard, of Stark county, in this state; and Jonas Mechling and John Zimmermann. of Westmoreland county, in the state of Pennsylvania. The Course of Instruction consists of a. Department of Latin. Preparatory Department, College Department. Department of Greek, Department of English Language and Literature, Department of German, Philosophy. Mathematics, Department of Natural Sciences, Department of History, Department of Religious Instruction. Department of Music. Drawing and Department of Public Speaking. The Rev. AC. Schmidt, of Canton, Ohio. who had projected the Theological Seminary there brought with him the idea and eventually established the university in the eastern suburb of the city. The Rev. Louis H. Schuh is the president and head of the faculty of the university. THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. The Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, Columbus. was founded on a grant made under an act of congress approved July 2, 1862, donating lands to the several states and territories which might provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts. Under the provisions of this act any state in order to receive and retain the grant. of land or scrip must within five, years provide "at least one college where the leading object shall be, without -excluding other scientific and classical studies, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts" in such a manner as the legislature of the state may prescribe "in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life." The above designation of the institution continued until 1878, when. after various changes in boards, and slow progress toward its destined ends. it took its present title "The Ohio University," and the shackles of school restrictions and limitations. In January, 1871, another long discussion arose in the board, and after many opinions and shades of opinion had developed, the report of a special committee on the subject was adopted, which. PAGE 231 - ARMORY AND GYMNASIUM OF OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY PAGE 232 - BLANK CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS - 233 as it is the basis of the educational organization of the institution, is here given in full: The committee to which have been referred the various propositions relating to the. course of study in our institution beg leave to report, as indicating the general scope to be ultimately embraced, without going into details, and principally with a view of guiding us in the construction of our buildings, the following schedule of the departments, to serve as a basis in the organization of the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College: Department of Agriculture; Department of Mechanic Arts; Mathematics and Physics ; General and Applied Chemistry; Geology, Mining and Metallurgy; Zoology and Veterinary Science; Botany, Horticulture, Vegetable Physiology, etc; English Language and Literature ; Modern and Ancient Languages; Department of Political Economy and Civil Polity. This plan or schedule was substantially that of Joseph Sullivant, of Columbus, one of the trustees, who had brought it before the board at a previous meeting and had labored long and earnestly to establish the projected institution on the broadest basis consistent with the terms of the congressional grant. The action of the trustees shows that at the outset a middle course was adopted and that, while on the one hand the institution was not made merely an agricultural college, neither were agriculture and the mechanic arts relegated to the background, as in some of the colleges founded on the grant of 1862. The aim was "to teach the farmer and the mechanic their trades and also to educate them." After the scope of the college had thus been determined and while the main building was in process of erection the trustees undertook the selection of a president and faculty. After careful consideration of many names, Edward Orton, Ph. D., then president of Antioch College, was elected president and professor of geology. By September, 1873, when the college threw open its doors for the reception of students, a faculty of seven members in addition to the president had been elected to fill the following chairs: Geology, physics and mechanics, general and applied chemistry. English and modern languages, agriculture, mathematics, zoology, ancient languages. The institution grew steadily, however, and all apparent. as well as real difficulties were adjusted, the educational scope of the institution was broadened and expanded until it ranks favorably with the kindred institutions: of the continent. In 1874 a reorganization of the board of trustees was made by the legislature by which the number of members was reduced to five, appointable by the governor, and holding office for five years each. Again, in 1877. organization was changed so that as in the first board there should be one member from each congressional district in the state, and each member should hold his office for six years. Finally, in 1878, the general assembly again reorganized the institution and provided for a board of seven trustees, to be appointed by the governor and to hold office for seven years each, after the first appointments, which later were to be so made that the term of one member should expire each year. By this same act of the legislature the name of the institution was changed from the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College to Ohio State 234 - CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS University. The reasons for this change of name were set forth by President Orton in an earlier report in which he advised and asked the change as follows : "Those who take their estimate of the institution from its title alone are sure that it has nothing in its courses which they desire, while some who judge the college from its generous range and scope of its courses of study are sure that it is proving false to a narrow purpose which they deduce from its title." The labors of President Orton, after these reorganizations, or rather adjustments, bore fruits worthy the laborer, and the great institution, with its splendid buildings and well poised faculty: its museum and archaeological trophies; its rare library treasures in art and literature bespoke the higher destiny that awaits. The presidents of the institution have been : Edward Orton LL. D. W. O. Scott, D. D.; William H. Scott. LL. D. ; James H. Canfield. D. D. William O. Thompson, D.D., LL. D. The faculty of 1873 was thus constituted: Edward Orton. LL. D., President and Professor of Geology; T. C. Mendenhall. LL. D.. Professor of Physics and Mechanics; Sidney A. Norton, LL. D.. Professor of Chemistry; Joseph Milliken, A. M., Professor of Modern Languages: N. S. Townshend. M. D., Professor of Agriculture; R. W. McFarland. A. M. Professor of Mathematics and Civil Engineering; J. H. Wright, A. M.. Assistant Professor of Ancient Languages; A. H. Tuttle, M. SC., Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy. The present faculty consists of: William Oxley Thompson. President; Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, Emeritus Professor of Physics; Sidney Augustus Norton. Emeritus Professor of Chemistry; Robert White McFarland. Emeritus Professor of Civil Engineering: Stillman W. Robinson. Emeritus Professor of Mechanical Engineerng; William Henry Scott. Professor of Philosophy; Nathaniel Wright Lord. Professor of Metallurgy and Mineralogy, Director of the School of Mines: Samuel Carroll Derby. Professor of Latin; William Rane Lazenby, Professor of Horticulture and Forestry: Josiah Renick Smith. Professor of the Greek Language and Literature: Henry Adam Weber, Professor of Agricultural Chemistry; Benjamin Franklin Thomas, Professor of Physics, and State Sealer of Weights and Measures: George Wells Knight, Professor of American History and Political Science and of Law; Rosser Daniel Bohannan, Professor of Mathematics; Albert Martin Bleile, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology: William Ashbrook Kellerman, Professor of Botany (died March 8. 1905) George Beecher Kauffman, Professor of Pharmacy and Dean of the College of Pharmacy; Benjamin Lester Bowen, Professor of Romance Languages and Literature ; Joseph Villiers Denney, Professor of English and Dean of the College of Arts, Philosophy and Science: Allen Campbell Barrows. Professor of English (died January 19, 1908) ; Edward Orton, Jr., Professor of Clay-Working and Ceramics; Emilius Oviatt Randall, Professor of Law: William Thomas Magruder, Professor of Mechanical Engineering; Edgar Benton Kinkead, Professor of Law; William Herbert Page, Professor of Law; William McPherson, Professor of Chemistry; Joseph Nelson Bradford. Professor of Architecture; David Stuart White. Professor of Veterinary Med- CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS - 235 icine, and Dean of the College of Veterinary Medicine; Herbert Osborn, Professor of Zoology and Entomology, and Director of the Lake Laboratory ; Olive Jones, Librarian ; Henry Curwen Lord, Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Emerson McMillin Observatory; Frank Edwin Sanborn, Professor of Industrial Arts and Director of the Department; Frank Arnold Ray, Professor of Mine Engineering; John Allen Shauck, Professor of Law, Captain George L. Converse, U. S. A. (Retired), Professor of Military Science and Tactics; John Wright Decker, Professor of Dairying (died June 20, 1907); Einbury Asbury Hitchcock, Professor of Dairying (died Engineering; Francis Cary Caldwell, Professor of Electrical Engineering: Charles Smith Prosser, Professor of Geology, John Adams Bownocker, Professor of Inorganic Geology and Curator of the Museum; Wilbur Henry Siebert. Professor of European History; Christopher Elias Sherman, Professor of Civil Engineering; Charles Sumner Plumb, Professor of Animal Husbandry: William AV. Boyd, Professor of School Administration and Dean of the College of Education; Septimus Sisson, Professor of Comparative .Anatomy: Homer Charles Price, Professor of Rural Economics and Dean of the College of Agriculture and Domestic Science; Lewis Addison Rhoades. Professor of Germanic Languages and Literatures, Edmund Bothwell Dillon. Professor of Law: James M. Butler. Professor of Law: Wade H. Ellis (resigned January 1, 1908), Professor of Law : James E. Hagerty. Professor of Economics and Sociology: David R. Major. Professor of Psychology: Charles Bradfield Morrey. Professor of Bacteriology: Gilbert Holland Stewart. Professor of Law: Joseph H. Outhwaite (died .January 1, 1908). Professor of Law and Dean of the College of Law: Frank Harvey Eno. Professor of Municipal Engineering: Alfred Vivian. Professor of Agricultural Chemistry; Emily Eaton Bracken. Professor of Art: James Ellsworth and. Professor of Mechanics: Thomas Ewing French. Professor of Engineering Drawing; Arthur Gillett McCall. Professor of Agronomy: George Washington Rightmire, Professor of Law: H. Shindle Wingert, Director of Physical Education for Men: Oscar Erf. Professor in Dairying: Frank Pierrepont Graves. Professor of the History and Philosophy of Education: Frederick Rupert Marshall. Professor of Animal Husbandry: Henry Russell Spencer. Professor of American history and Political Science: Alonzo Hubert Tuttle, Professor of Law: Ruth Aimee Wardall. Professor of Domestic Sciences: Lewis C. Laylin. Professor of Law: Carmi A. Thompson.. Professor of Law: George Washington McCoard. Associate Professor of Mathematics: Arthur Winfred Hodgman, .Associate Professor of the Classical Languages: William Edwards Henderson. .Associate Professor of Chemistry : Joseph Russell Taylor. Associate Professor of English: Charles A. Bruce. Associate Professor of the Romance Languages; Charles William Foulk, Associate Professor of Chemistry: John H. Schaffner. Associate Professor of Botany; James Stewart Hine. Associate Professor of Zoology and Entomology: Francis Leroy Landacre. Associate Professor in Zoology and Entomology; Wallace S. Elden. Associate Professor of the Classical Languages ; Denny Hammond Udall. Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine: Oscar V. Brumley. Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine: Mat- 236 - CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS thew Brown Hammond, Associate Professor of Economics and Sociology ; James McIlvaine Phillips, Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine; Gustavus Adolphus Anderegg, Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering; Virginia Babb, Associate Professor of Domestic Art; Clair Albert Dye, Associate Professor of Pharmacy; Karl Dale Swartzel, Associate Professor of Mathematics; George Burridge Viles, Associate Professor of Germanic Languages and Literatures; Edward Elsworth Sommermeier, Associate Professor of Metallurgy and Mineralogy; Harry Waldo Huhn, Associate Professor of Mathematics ; Frederick Edward Kester. Associate Professor of Physics; J. Warren Smith, Lecturer on Meteorology ; William Lucius Graves, Assistant Professor of English; Charles Lincoln Arnold, Assistant Professor of Mathematics; George H. McKnight, Assistant Professor of English; Vernon Morelle Shoesmith, Associate Professor of Agronomy; William Abner Knight. Assistant Professor of Machine-Shop Practice; Thomas Harvey Haines, Assistant Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Psychological Laboratory; Vernon H. Davis, Assistant Professor of Horticulture and Forestry; Horace Judd, Assistant Professor of Experimental Engineering; Edwin F. Coddington, Assistant Professor of Mechanics; Edgar Shugert Ingraham, Assistant Professor of Romance Languages; Robert F. Earhart, Assistant Professor of Physics: Thomas Kenyon Lewis, Assistant Professor of Engineering Drawing; Edgar Holmes McNeal, Assistant Professor of European History; William Lloyd Evans, Assistant Professor of Chemistry; Fayette Avery McKenzie, Assistant Professor of Economics and Sociology; Carson Samuel Duncan, Assistant Professor of English; George David Hubbard, Assistant Professor of Geology; Roy K. Schlafly, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering; Arthur Ernest Davies, Assistant Professor of Philosophy; John Christie Duncan, Assistant Professor of Economics and Sociology; Berthold August Eisenlohr, Assistant Professor of the Germanic Languages and Literatures; Albert D. Fitzherald, Assistant Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Pathology; Robert Fiske Griggs, Assistant Professor of Botany; Walter Thompson Peirce, Assistant Professor of Romance Languages ; John Bowker Preston, Assistant Professor of Mathematics; Samuel Eugene Rasor, Assistant Professor of Mathematics; James Renwick Withrow, Assistant Professor of Chemistry; Frederic Columbus Blake, Assistant Professor of Physics; Charles St. John Chubb, Assistant Professor of Architecture; John Herman Hunt, Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering; Ross C. Purdy, Assistant Professor of Clayworking and Ceramics; May Rebecca Laver, Assistant Professor of Art; Carl Ridgon. Assistant Professor of Experimental Engineering; Bertha M. Hopkins. Director of Physical Education for Women; William C. Mills, Curator of Archaeology. First Degrees-The following baccalaureate degrees are conferred at graduation upon those who have successfully completed the regular courses leading to such degrees and who have fulfilled all other requirements of the university: Bachelor of Arts; Bachelor of Science in Agriculture; Bachelor of Science in Horticulture and Forestry ; Bachelor of Science in Domestic Science; Bachelor of Science in Education; Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering; Bachelor of Science in Industrial Arts; Bachelor of Science CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS - 237 in Pharmacy; Ceramic Engineer; Civil Engineer; Civil Engineer in Architecture: Engineer of Mines; Mechanical Engineer; Mechanical Engineer in Electrical Engineering: Bachelor of Laws; Doctor of Veterinary Medicine; Higher Degrees-In the College of Arts, Philosophy and Science: Master of Arts; Doctor of Philosophy. Advanced degrees are also given for graduate work in the technical colleges. The comparison of these different faculties indicates wonderful growth of the institutions. 1817- OHIO STATE LIBRARY-1909. By Whom Established. The Ohio State Library was established by Governor Thomas Worthington in the year 1817. For several years previous to that time the need of such a library had been discussed. There was no provision for the preservation of regular sets of the laws and journals, nor any authorized place of deposit for maps, laws, documents or journals, which might be sent from other states. The general assembly which met December 2, 1816, appropriated three thousand five hundred dollars as a contingent fund for the governor in 1817. In the summer of that year Governor Worthington made a visit to cities in the eastern states for the purpose of investigating the plans of management in practice for penitentiaries and other state institutions. While in Philadelphia, he determined to purchase a collection of books for the establishment of a state library in Ohio. On his return to Columbus he authorized the fitting up of a room over the auditor's office in the south end of the state office building, then on High street, just south of the avenue to the west entrance of the state house. He had deposited therein the books he had selected and had them arranged on shelves. When the sixteenth general assembly met in December, 1817, the governor reported in, detail the steps he had taken for the founding of a state library. In his message, which was read to the general assembly, December 2, 1817. Governor Worthington said : "The fund made subject to my control by the last general assembly, besides paying the ordinary demands upon it and for articles mentioned in the resolution of the legislature of January 28, 1817, has enabled me to purchase a small but valuable collection of books, which are intended as a commencement of a library for the state. In the performance of this act I was guided by what I conceived the best interest of the .state, by placing within the reach of the representatives of the people such information as will aid them in the discharge of the important duties they are delegated to perform." On the 9th of December the governor sent a communication to the legislature, in which he reported the titles of the books he had purchased and the rule: he had authorized for the management of the library. On motion of Gustavus Swan, a member of the house from Franklin county, a resolution was adopted on the 17th of January, 1818, accepting the library which Governor Worthington had purchased and appointing a joint committee, con- 238 - CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS sisting of three members of the house and two members of the senate, to report rules and regulations for the same. First Librarian. Agreeably to the rules established, Governor Worthington entrusted the care of the library to John L. Harper, during the session of the general assembly for 1817-18. He was, consequently, Ohio's first state librarian. He was paid for his services two dollars a day during the session of the legislature. First Donation. The first gift to the library on record was by Jeremy Bentham and Robert Owen, through John Quincy Adams, minister to England. Subsequently many other persons contributed volumes, pamphlets, letters, etc.. while others were regularly acquired by purchase and exchange, until at the close of the year 1890 there were sixty thousand six hundred and thirty-three volumes registered. In 1856, the library was removed from its original location on High street to rooms opposite the state treasury, and in 1858 to its present quarters opposite the senate chamber. In the meantime, the legal works originally in the State Library were placed in the Law Library, and they became separate institutions. William T. Coggeshall, who was librarian from 1856 to 1862, wrote a detailed history of the library up to and including the year 1858, which appears in the report of that year. In 1890 John C. Tuthill, the librarian, brought the history down to that date. To these able writers persons are referred who desire the details in all their particularity. During the first eighteen years of its history the library was under the general direction of the governor. In 1845 a library commission was created by law, of which the governor, the secretary of state and the librarian were ex officio members. The following gentlemen constituted the personnel of the first board : Mordecai Bartley, Samuel Galloway and John Greiner. In 1893 the composition of the board of trustees was made appointive by the governor, the terms of the members being three years each. The following was the first board under the change: Charles A. Reynolds, president; Rutherford B. Hayes; J. F. McGrew. The present board is: J. F. McGrew, president, Charles Orr and John McSweney. The present number of books is rising, one hundred and twenty-six thousand, and the annual accessions are between seven thousand and eight thousand. The librarian's salary, in view of the great labor and responsibility of the position, is three thousand dollars, and he is fairly well supplied with expert assistants. The original librarian received two dollars per day during the seasons of the legislature. The first annual salary was three hundred dollars. Under the present librarian, the great educational feature of the library was inaugurated by putting into successful operation the circulating department which extends into practically every neighborhood of the state, affording library facilities to the entire five and a half millions of population. PAGE 239 - Academy of St. Mary's of the Springs and The Josephinum College PAGE 240 - BLANK CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS - 241 The following persons have filled the office of librarian since its founding, the figures prefixed indicating the date of their appointment and incumbency. 1817-18. John L. Harper. 1876-77. H. H. Robinson. 1819-20. John Mcllvain. 1878-79. R. M. Stimson. 1821-24. David S. Brodrick. 1880-81. H. V. Kerr. 1825-42. Zachariah Mills. 1882-83. Joseph H. Geiger. 1843-45. Thomas Kennedy. 1884-85. Howard L. Conard. 1846-51. John Greiner. 1886.H. W. Pierson. 1852-54. Elijah Hayward. 1887.F. B. Loomis. 1855-56. James W. Taylor. 1888-89. John M. Doane. 1857-62. William T. Coggeshall. 1890.William G. Sibley. 1863-74. S. G. Harbaugh. 1893.Joseph P. Smith. 1875.Walter C. Hood. 1893-1908. J. H. Galbreath. (Inc.) 1871-COLUMBUS PUBLIC LIBRARY AND READING ROOM-1909. The "beginnings" of this now great institution dates back to the 17th of May. 1821, when "The Apprentices of Columbus formed themselves into a Society, for the purpose of establishing a library solely for benefit of Apprentices. They have formed a constitution, elected their officers and have collected what books their scant libraries afforded, which are but few." A Cooperative Library. In other words they set about establishing a common or cooperative library. Here the record ends. But the spirit which inspired it lived. An enterprising citizen. Thomas Johnson, in 1825, conceived the idea of starting a library on a somewhat practical basis and yet within the reach of all. A Circulating Library. His idea way to start. a. circulating library and depend on public patronage for its maintenance. It was to be open to the public on payment of a small fee. It circulated for awhile and then the fees and the circulation ceased. whether mutually or automatically the earlier recorder of library events saith not.. The Columbus Reading Room. About 1835 the Columbus Reading Room and Institute was established and operated on a more elaborate scale than formerly had been attempted. Suitable rooms were rented and furnished, and newspapers and periodicals were extensively subscribed for. and provision was made for a lecture coursethe funds for its maintenance probably being largely derived from patronage of the lectures. As announced in the Journal of that time, "the Reading Room is regarded as a pleasant resort and an agreeable place to introduce one's friends and also respectable strangers who visit the city." A final appeal for more liberal patronage appeared in the Journal of April 30. 1839, which evidently was unsuccessful as the rooms were shortly closed. 242 - CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS The Western Lyceum. Still the Spirit was not extinct. On the 14th of December, 1846, the "famous Franklin Lyceum was organized to establish a system of public lectures and a library. For six years t flourished and then it joined its predecessors . The Columbus Atheneum. In 1853 this institution was founded and housed in the courthouse. A contemporaneous writer says of the event "A large, neat and convenient reading room is provided in the east wing of the courthouse. Attached are two rooms, one for a library and the other for specimens of minerals and metals and curiosities the nucleus of a museum. The reading room is well supplied with newspapers and magazines; easy chairs and plenty of reading make this an attractive point for visitors . . . . Columbus needs and must have something of the kind. The wants of our young men demand it. We should offer them some better. more manly place of resort than the saloon and the gambling hell." Among the distinguished lecturers before the Atheneum, for the purpose of raising library funds, were, with their subjects: S. S. Cox, "The Satanic Element in Literature" ; John G. Saxe, "Poets and Poetry" ; Bayard Taylor, "The Avales" and "Japan"; P. T. Barnum, "The Philosophy of Humling." This was the only lecture of the course of 1853-4 that paid anything and it paid handsomely. In the next course lectures were delivered by Samuel Galloway. Allen G. Thurman, Rev. D. A. Randall. United States Senator Thomas Ewing. Wendell Phillips, Donald Mitchell (Ike Marvel), George Sumner, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Charles Mackey. The financial success was greater than on the previous occasions, and it but only served to stimulate public sentiment and incite action on the part of leading citizens. A Public Meeting.. A great public meeting was held June 10, 1871. over which Hon. John W. Andrews presided. An appeal was made to the city council to take action. Judge J. R. Swan, S. S. Rickley, Charles Breyfogle, James Westwater and Dr. William E. Ide were made a committee to push the matter in that direction. At a second public meeting another committee consisting of J. Sullivant, John G. Mitchell, L. J. Critchfield, A. S. Glenn and Henry C. Noble. This committee reported a method of procedure on which the present public library and reading room was subsequently organized. It noted the fact that council had full power by ordinance to establish and maintain a free public library and reading rooms, and manage and control the same, and suggested that the management of the library be vested by council in a board of trustees consisting of four citizens elected by the council and that ex officio, the mayor, president of the city council and president of the board of education also serve with the trustees. This report was unanimously adopted CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS - 243 and sent to the council with a request for early and favorable action. The desired ordinance was introduced into council by John J. Janney, of the second ward, and was passed by the city council, January 15, 1872, and immediately thereafter at this same session, the council elected as trustees for one year Messrs. William B. Hayden and Otto Dresel, and as trustees for two years. Messrs. John W. Andrews and A. S. Glenn. A further meeting of citizens was held January 18. and the following committee was selected to cooperate with the trustees in the establishment of the new enterprise: Luther Donaldson. P. W. Huntington. Charles Breyfogle, John G. Thompson, Henry C. 'Noble. F. A. Marble, James Patterson. Isaac Eberly and L. G. Critchfield. The board of trustees held their first meeting February 19, 1872, with all the members present. viz: Hon. James G. Bull, mayor; Luther Donaldson. president city council; Frederick Fieser, president board of education : William B. Hayden. A. S. Glenn, John W. Andrews, Otto Dresel. The organization was elected as follows: President, John W. Andrews; secretary, Otto Dresel: treasurer. A. S. Glenn. The Atheneum library of twelve hundred were transferred to the new library. which was later housed in the city hall. Library Successfully Established. Rev. J. L. Grover was employed to catalogue the books thus secured, and in 1872 was made librarian. The library was formally opened Tuesday, March 4. 1873. at 8 P. M. The address was delivered by Hon. J. W. Andrews. The Deshler Alcove. Within one week after the opening the Deshler Alcove was established in the library and has constantly been added to. In addition to a permanent cash endowment of two thousand dollars, some three thousand six hundred volumes have been accessioned and shelved. The Noble Alcove. In 1876 Henry C. Noble established the Noble Alcove in the library. Mr. and Mrs. Noble jointly creating a trust for the purpose of maintaining and promoting the alcove. The alcove is of four thousand volumes capacity, and the accessions are now approximately two thousand six hundred volumes. The Hubbard Alcove. The Hubbard Alcove was presented to the library in 1874 by Mrs. Mary N. Bliss, in memory of her father, William B. Hubbard. The case to contain the books is built of walnut cut from trees on the old Hubbard property on North High street. This alcove had no permanent endowment until 1891, when action was taken and the alcove was established. The alcove contains rising seven thousand five hundred volumes. 244 - CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS The Andrews Alcove. John W. Andrews and Mrs. Andrews founded the Andrews Alcove as a memorial to their deceased son, John W. Andrews, Jr., and made provisions for its maintenance. The alcove now contains about one thousand volumes. The Brickell Alcove. In 1899 William D. Brickell donated two hundred and thirty books and stated that from time to time he would add thereto. The alcove now contains approximately one thousand two hundred volumes. The Kilbourne Alcove. In June, 1900, Colonel James Kilbourne delivered to the library seven hundred and fifty volumes for the purpose of establishing an alcove to be known as the Kilbourne Alcove, and stating that from time other books would be added and also creating a permanent fund for maintenance and accessions in the sum of one thousand dollars. Columbus Author's Alcove. In 1892, Osman C. Hooper submitted the proposition to establish a Columbus Author's Alcove, to contain the works of Columbus authors. It now contains four hundred volumes, the most of them containing the author's autograph. John J. Pugh Made an Assistant. From 1872 the library steadily grew. In 1881, John J. Pugh, who had for years been a clerk in the library, was made assistant to Librarian Grover. In 1897, when Mr. Grover celebrated his ninety-first birthday, he laid down the burdens of the position and Mr. Pugh was unanimously chosen to the place, which he still holds. The present history, if the term is allowable, is too new to be more than made a few notes of. It is probably the real starting place of its greater career. There were several people in the city who were instrumental in securing the two hundred thousand dollar donation from Andrew Carnegie to build the unique and beautiful marble structure, but none more entitled to mention than the board of trustees at and after the inception of the idea, Messrs. Fred J. Keer, president; James M. Butler, vice president; J. Nick Koerner, treasurer; Professor E. O. Randall, Hon. James R. Kilbourne, Osman C. Hooper, of Columbus, and Colonel S. H. Church, of New York, formerly of Columbus. CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS - 245 The Majestic Marble Structure. After the donations had been received, R. Ewing Miller remitting ten thousand dollars on the site for the building, the structure rose, and in due time was ready for occupancy. Laying the Corner Stone. The placing of the corner stone took place at 4 o'clock P. M., September 10, 1904. Professor E. O. Randall was officiant, Dr. Washington Gladden, who pronounced the invocation, Hon. George D. Janes, president of the council, who appeared for Mayor Jeffrey, unavoidably absent, spoke in behalf of the city. James J. Thomas, ex-president of council, spoke appropriately of the work that had been accomplished by steady persistence. William A. Taylor read a specially prepared poem : "The Columbus-Carnegie Elm." Dr. S. O. Giffin spoke of the work toward the present end that had been done by council, of which he had been a member. Judge John E. Sater, a former trustee, congratulated the people on the prospect just ahead for a fitting educational monument. At the close of the exercises, Rev. E. D. Morris, D.D., pronounced the benediction. The Dedication of the Library. The edifice, which had already been occupied, was dedicated Thursday, April 4, 1907, the afternoon services continuing from 2 to 5 and again from 7 to 10 in the evening. The following was the order of the exercises: Invocation, Rev. John Hewitt, D.D. ; introductory remarks, Professor E. O. Randall; remarks by Fred J. Keer, presiding; address by Burton E. Stevenson; remarks by Mayor D. C. Badger; address by Rev. Dr. Gladden; remarks by Judge John E. Sater; remarks by Charles B. Galbreath; remarks by Colonel James Kilbourne; dedication poem by William A. Taylor; benediction by Rev. William E. Morris, D.D. On Historic Ground. The site of the library at the head of State street, with its background of trees and lofty towers and gables eastward, stands on historic ground, with only three generations of conveyance standing between the genius of the library and the giant of the primeval forests. It was patented to Noah H. Swayne in the early part of the nineteenth century. Here he cleared away the forest, builded for his young wife and family a stately mansion, then far out in the country, which was reached by corduroy roads across swamps. In this house he lived and entertained as become the prince of men that he was until he ascended to the supreme bench of the United States, when he parted with the property to Hon. T. Ewing Miller, who finally transferred it to the library trustees, generously remitting ten thousand dollars of the purchase price. 246 - CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS The Home of Five Governors. This stately mansion in the absence of one belonging to the state, was successively, or nearly so, the home of five of the very distinguished governors since the Civil war, namely, General Jacob Dolson Cox, General Rutherford B. Hayes, Charles Foster, George Hoadly and Captain Joseph B. Foraker. A Touch of Romance. It was at the Swayne mansion in the early days that T. Ewing Miller met his future bride, the daughter of a distinguished citizen of New York, who was visiting the family. Having met the woman of his choice there he longed to possess the premises for their associations. When Judge Swayne was ready to part with them, he found a quick and ready buyer in Mr. Miller. When the changes came and Mr. Miller retired from the activities of life, his ambition and hope was that the home of his vigorous manhood might pass to ,some noble public institution, designed for the betterment and advancement of mankind. It was with enthusiastic happiness that he saw the opportunity to reaize his hope and his ambition. 1875-OHIO STATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY-l885-1909. During the year 1875, an Archaeological Society was formed at General Brinkerhoff's home in Mansfield, Ohio. The society, through the efforts of General Brinkerhoff, received an appropriation from the legislature of two thousand five hundred dollars, to be expended in making an, exhibit at the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia. Professor John T. Short, of the Ohio State University, was secretary of the society, and it flourished under his secretaryship until his death, November 11, 1883, when the society became practically inoperative. Governor Hoadley suggested a revival of the society. A meeting for this purpose was called to convene at the secretary of state's office. February 12, 1885. A number of prominent gentlemen, including leading citizens, scholars and professors from various parts of the state, responded to this call, and decided to extend to all persons in the state interested in the formation of such a society an invitation to meet, March 12, 1885, at Columbus. In response to the circulars sent out, some sixty gentlemen from all parts of Ohio, representing the various departments of scholarship, convened on the day specified in the library room of the state capitol. This convention continued in session two days, perfected an organization known as The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, which was incorporated March 13. 1885. Hon. Allen G. Thurman was made president and Mr. A. A. Graham elected secretary. Mr. Graham occupied the office of secretary until December, 1893, when ill health compelled him to remove west. He died in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in February, 1896. Mr. Randall was elected assistant secretary in December, 1893, to act as secretary in the absence of Mr. Graham. At the annual meeting of the trus- PAGE 247 - NEW MEMORIAL HALL AND AUDITORIUM, EAST BROAD STREET PAGE 248 - BLANK CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS - 249 tees, February 20, 1894, Mr. Randall was elected associate secretary, and February 19, 1895, was elected secretary, which office he has since held. The following have served as presidents of the society since its organization: Allen G. Thurman, Francis C. Sessions, Rutherford B. Hayes and Roeliff Brinkerhoff. General Brinkerhoff is incumbent 1908-9. For twenty-four years the society has faithfully pursued the lines of study and investigation for which it was organized, and has held regular annual meetings at. Columbus. In that time it has accumulated a valuable collection of relies and antiquities, consisting of over one hundred thousand specimens, mostly archaeological in character, but embracing also many papers and articles of historical value. The collection has been catalogued and arranged in cases, and now occupies suitable quarters in the museum room of the society, Page Hall, Ohio State University. The library of the society, which numbers three thousand volumes of great value, occupies a. library room in Page Hall. Both the library and museum are accessible to visitors on each weekday between the hours of 9:00 a. in. and 5:00 p. m. The students of the Ohio State University have free use of the museum and library. Archaeological Department. Particularly is the society strong in archaeological research. No state in the Union is so rich in archaeological resources, consisting of mounds. forts, graves and monuments of prehistoric periods. The society is the custodian of Fort Ancient, Warren county, the largest, best preserved and most interesting remains of its character now extant. Models of this fort are in some of the leading museums of Europe, and it is often visited by distinguished scholars, not only of other states, but of foreign countries. The society is also the possessor of the famous Serpent Mound, in Adams county. one of the most curious religious monuments left by the Mound Builders in the United States. The site of the Big Bottom Massacre (1790) in Morgan county on the banks of the Muskingum, is now the property of the society. The society, through a corps of explorers, is doing splendid and valuable work, each year, in examining and making permanent record of the innumerable points of archaeological interest in the state. An archaeological map is being prepared, which will designate the location of .111 important mounds, monuments, graves, etc., within Ohio. It is estimated that these places of interest number not less than ten thousand. Publications of the Society. The society is now issuing annually a bound volume (which first appears as a quarterly magazine) of material concerning the history, archaeology and biography of the state. It has published sixteen such volumes. averaging four hundred pages to the volume. These volumes are of the utmost value and interest, containing articles, essays and papers by the leading authorities. historical and archaeological-most of which material is prepared 250 - CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS solely for the society, and which does not exist and cannot be obtained out, side the works of the society. The demand for these publications has been so great that the society has issued nine editions of volumes four, five, and six; six editions of seven, eight, nine and ten; and three editions of eleven and twelve. These books are in constant demand, not only by similar societies and by leading libraries throughout the United States, but by the governments and great society libraries of the old world. Each member of the society is entitled, without cost, to these publications as they are issued by the society. The following articles of incorporation were taken out at the office of the secretary of state, March 13, 1885, and the organization was completed The undersigned citizens of Ohio, having associated themselves together, and desiring to form a corporation not for profit, under the laws of the .said state of Ohio, do hereby subscribe and acknowledge the following articles of incorporation 1. The name of such corporation shall be The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. 2. Said corporation :hall be located and its principal business transacted at the city of Columbus, county of Franklin, and state of Ohio. 3. Said society is formed for the purpose of promoting a knowledge of archaeology and history, especially of Ohio, by establishing and maintaining a library of books, manuscripts, maps, charts, etc., properly pertaining thereto; a. museum of prehistoric relics and natural or other curiosities or specimens of art or nature promotive of the objects of the association said library and museum to be open to the public on reasonable terns-and by courses of lectures and publication of books, papers, and documents touching the subjects so specified, with power to receive and hold gifts and devices of real and personal estate for the benefit of such society, and generally to exercise all of the powers legally and properly pertaining thereto. 4. Said society has no capital stock. The constitution provides in Section 1: "The membership of this society shall be divided into four classes. designated as follows: life members, active members, corresponding members and honorary members. Application for membership shall be made to the secretary of the society and by him referred to the executive committee. Upon the approval of the executive committee and the payment of the annual fee, such applicants shall be declared members." The life membership fee is twenty-five dollars; active three dollars and thereafter three dollars annual dues. President, General Roeliff Brinkerhoff. Mansfield: secretary, Professor E. 0. Randall. Columbus; curator. Professor William C. Mills, Columbus. 1897-THE "OLD NORTHWEST" GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY-1908-9. Through the efforts of Dr. Lucius C. Herrick, M. D., seconded by the influence of Dr. Edward Ortin, LL. D., ex-president of the Ohio State University. eleven ladies and gentlemen met April 10. 1897. and discussed the CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF COLUMBUS - 251 formation of a genealogical society. The draft of a constitution presented by Dr. Herrick was referred to a committee consisting of Professor T. C. Derby, Mr. T. T. Cole and Dr. Herrick, and two weeks later, April 24, a society was organized to be known as the "Old Northwest" Genealogical Society, a constitution and by-laws adopted; Dr. Orton elected as president; Professor Derby as vice president; Dr. Herrick as secretary and librarian; and W. G. Pengelly as treasurer. Dr. Orton has been succeeded by Dr. A. A. E. Taylor, James Buckingham, James H. Anderson, Colonel James Kilbourne and W. S. Poller successively. Dr. Herrick remained as secretary until his death and was succeeded by Frank T. Cole. The treasurers succeeding Mr. Pengelly have been A. W. Mackenzie, Roston Medbery. In May the society was incorporated and a seal adopted and at the October Ohio meeting it was voted to publish a quarterly magazine to be tailed The "Old Northwest" Genealogical Quarterly. The first number appeared in January, 1898, and the constitution of the society printed. A revised constitution was printed in January, 1901. And a third revision is now under consideration. At the October, 1898, meeting Major H. P. Ward offered the use of a book case in his office for the beginning of a library, and soon after donations of books by Messrs. Cole and Pengelly formed the nucleus of the present library of over twenty-seven hundred volumes. After various temporary home: the society was settled at 106 East Broad street and later at 187 East Broad street till the completion of the Memorial Hall, when quarters were assigned in there by the county commissioners. The society meets quarterly on the second Thursday of January, April, June and October. The membership is of five classes: honorary. life, resident. associate and corresponding. The society's library fills the library room of the Memorial building, which, however, is too limited to shelve fifty per cent of its book property. It is altogether probable that in the near future its rare and valuable genealogical works will be housed and shelved in a suitable room in the great marble building that stands at the head of State street, where they will be accessible to the public for strictly reference purposes. While the quarterly meetings of the members of the society will be held in the same room. The disposal of this question has been referred to a committee consisting of Winfield S. Potter. chairman. William A. Taylor, George L. Ruggles, Roston Medbery and Professor F. T. Cole. secretary. (RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE)