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CHAPTER X


PHYSICIANS


NEED OF MEDICAL MEN-EARLY PHYSICIANS-PROGRESS OF THE SCIENCE OF MEDICINE-LISTS OF EARLY AND LATER PHYSICIANS -THOSE IN PRACTICE AT THE PRESENT TIME-PERSONAL SKETCHES OF NUMEROUS DOCTORS OF THE COUNTY.


The science of medicine, founded away back m the days of Galen, possibly long before, has slowly made its way through the centuries until the Twentieth Century of the Christian Era, where it stands second to no other one of the great sciences-the physician, the minister of the Gospel, the trained lawyer and the journalistic writer—are all now side by side in importance to thinking, reasoning humanity.


Perhaps the medical science has made greater advancement in the last century than in all the centuries before. The work of the trained physician and surgeon has come to be very marked-their performances are indeed wonderful and gratifying, for be it remembered however strong and robust one may be today, ere long the brow will become fevered and the heart and lungs fail to do their office work. In health it is an easy matter to speak lightly of the physician, but when confined to ones bed by illness, it is but natural that the good doctor be quickly summoned, that life and strength may be speedily restored.


While there has come to be a legion of medical schools, yet all are working honestly to control disease among the masses. In the very early days in this county there were "botanic doctors" and "cold water doctors," and doctors who bled a sick person for almost every known ailment, there has ever been the "regular" physician who being a graduate of some reputable medical college, has been on hand in almost every community to ward off diseases after a scientific and successful manner. Properly speaking, today, nearly all "schools" of medicine are coming to take on really the Eclectic plan—using what seems to be best suited regardless of any special school, hence better results are being obtained as the years go by.


EARLY PHYSICIANS


Just who was the first phyisician to practice within what is now Carroll County is not to be determined, as no record of such things has been kept. The newspaper files show that in 1844 Dr. A. R. Chrisholm was practicing in Carrollton and Dr. William H. Poole and Dr. Vincent Trego (botanic) in 1858. But as early as 1842 a card appears in the Free Press of Dr. John S. Hunter and in 1850 William H. Poole's card appears among the county seat doctors.


Many of these pioneer physicians rode on horseback over the rough timbered country, crossing unbridged streams by day and by


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night, in the heat of summer and howling blasts of winter. They usually carried their saddle-bags over their trusty horse's back and in that medicine chest were carried all that medical skill thought useful at that date to administer to the sick ones in Carroll and adjoining counties. These remedies were not easily swallowed, if they were to be taken internally, but were sickening to the taste. Today the various syrups and tablet form of administering medicines is much more pleasant to the patient.


Some of the first doctors here rode a regular circuit, same as did the preachers of those pioneer times. These circuits included probably more than a hundred miles, in which distance the family doctor had possibly a score of patients awaiting his arrival. When the roads had been made more passable then doctors had two-horse buggies to travel in. All this has changed in the last third of a century for now the doctor is usually called over the telephone and he responds by taking his automobile, be it a "tin Lizzie" or whatever make it may be, and within an hour can generally get to any point within the county.


SOME PERSONAL NOTES


While it is not possible, in this connection, to give the reader a lengthy biography of the various physicians who have cared for the sick in Carroll County during the last century, we are permitted through the medium of scrap-books, newspaper files and the memories of some of the older physicians still living within the county, to give the subjoined short note-sketches on many who have practiced medicine here.


PERSONAL MENTION


The following brief notes have been secured on the lives and practice of numerous Carroll County physicians ; the list, however, is not considered in any way complete, but covers many of the physicians who were well known to the various families within the county, at different dates in its history.


Dr Samuel Black, born February 7, 1813, died July 30, 1897, was a leading physician and prominent farmer of Monroe Township. He was born near Brandywine, New Jersey, at Du Pont's Mills. The father, Andrew Black, was born in Ireland, 1774, came to America in 1800, worked in a woolen mill in Delaware, came to Ohio and took up government land in Carroll County ; he died in 1862; was politically a Whig, then a Republican. Doctor Samuel, the subject, commenced reading Medicine at the age of twenty-four years with Doctor Stockon, of New Hagerstown, Ohio, and in 1841 commenced to practice his profession in Putnam County, Ohio, but shortly moved to New Rumley, Harrison County, Ohio, settling in Monroe Township, where he farmed. He married Miss Sarah Davis in 1842. His wife was reared and lived in the Catholic faith, Politically, the Doctor was a Democrat. They had seven children. He had a son, Luke M. Black, who practiced many years with him.


Dr. John B. France, Harlem Springs, this county, was born in Butler County, Pennsylvania, October 13, 1820, son of Rev. John and


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Anna (McClymonds) France, both natives of Scotland. The grandfather was a minister of the Associate Seceders Church. Doctor John B., of this notice, passed his youth in Butler County, Pennsylvania, receiving a primary education and also took advanced studies. At the age of twenty-eight, he commenced the study of medicine and graduated at Cleveland Medical College, settled down in practice at Harlem Springs, this county, where he remained true to his chosen profession for more than forty years. He married in 1852 to Margaret H. Dorman, sister of his 'preceptor. In politics and religion the doctor was independent, leaning towards the Presbyterian faith in church matters. He died December 6; 1900.


Dr. David B. Sherrod (deceased) was of the William Sherrod family of Maryland. William was of a large family whose ancestors came to America from England. For generations they were farmers. Dr. David B. (subject) was one of twelve children and he was born January 22, 1813. He came with his father's family to Mt. Pleasant, Ohio, remained a few years and in 1815 came to Carroll County, where the father entered land near the present village of Sherrodsville. He was an excellent farmer. Politically, he was a Democrat. Both he and his wife were members of the Methodist Church. He died in 1843.


Dr. David B. Sherrod attended the Hagerstown Academy after which he entered the office of Doctor Cummings, at Leesville, this county and there studied medicine a number of years and subsequently attended a course of lectures at the Cincinnati Medical College, receiving his degree of M. D. in 1844. He immediately commenced the practice of medicine in his own township, where he built up a large practice and was accounted one of the leading doctors in his section of the country and was frequently called in consultation by others from a long distance. He was public spirited, was a member of the Methodist Protestant Church ; politically, he affrliated with the Democratic party, in which he became quite a leader. He married Sarah A. Hedges, of Virginia. The doctor and his wife had four children, two 'dying in infancy. Doctor Sherrod died in Orange Township, this county, December 17, 1889.


Dr. H. D. Dunlap, well known physician in the vicinity of Sherrodsville, this county, was born March 3, 1856, in Center Township. The grandfather, John Dunlap, was born in Pennsylvania and was reared to farm labor. He came to Harrison Township, Carroll County, at a very early day and was a pioneer of pioneers. He worked hard, endured many hardships and died at an old age. D. V. Dunlap, the father of Dr. H. D. Dunlap, was born in Carroll County, Ohio, and spent his entire life here, being one of the most successful farmers in his county. He married Sarah A. Best, by whom eight children were born. The family were all of the Presbyterian faith and politically, voted the Republican ticket.


Dr. H. D. attended the common schools in his native county and later took up the study of medicine at Cleveland College from which he left in 1881. He commenced practice in Sherrodsville and was counted a good doctor. In 1878 he married Rebecca D., daughter of John Meiser, of Harrison County, by whom one child was born, Della.


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Doctor and Mrs. Dunlap were members of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Sherrodsville. The doctor was a well-read physician and known as the friend of all within the radius of his circle. He passed from earth January, 1894.


Dr. John B. Moody, physician and farmer, a long resident of Lee Township, was born in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, in 1810, a grandson of James, a native of Ireland. He farmed in Pennsylvama and moved to Jefferson County, Ohio, in 1812, entering land and cleared up the same with his own hands. He was an early member of the Seceder branch of the Presbyterian Church and in politics a Whig. He died in 1847.


David Moody, son of the above and father of the subject of this notice, was a native of Washington County, Pennsylvania ; learned the tanner's trade which he followed all his life. He married in Pennsylvania, Mary Boyd, whose father was a Revolutionary War soldier and an Irishman. In 1817 Mr. Moody moved to Ohio, settling in Harrison County, but later Carroll County, the location being in Lee Township. He found all wild and untamed with, wolves all about the neighborhood. He died in April, 1850; the wife died in 1835 and both were buried in the Carrollton cemetery. They were Presbyterians and he was a Whig politically. They had five children; Dr. John B. was born in 1810 in Pennsylvania and educated at the common school in Carroll County, Ohio, and under private tutor When eighteen years of age he commenced the study of medicine with Doctor McElroy, then under Doctor Keeler, a German physician, for three years, at the end of which time he was licensed to practice and continued until his death, February 7, 1908. He also looked after his farming interests while he kept up his medical practice. He resided near Harlem Springs, Lee Township. Politically, he was a Whig and a Republican ; was justice of the peace twenty years and often held local offices. Indeed, he was a self-made man and highly successful in his undertakings. In the eighties, he owned at one time over one thousand acres of land, all accumulated by his own efforts.


Dr. Enoch C. Ross, of Brown Township, was born October 3, 1846, a grandson of Enoch Ross, of Pennsylvania, and the son of Samuel I. Ross, born in Greene County, Pennsylvania, who came with his parents to Ohio when two years old. He grew to man's estate and married Miss Stansburg and they were the parents of five children, including Enoch C. of this memoir. In 1842, Samuel I. Ross moved to Malvern, this county, and there opened a hotel, known far and near as a "Home" for travelers and settlers. He lived there almost fifty years, forty of which he was a justice of the peace in Malvern. He died January 17, 1890.


Dr. E. C. Ross was educated in the village schools of Malvern and in 1861 entered Hiram College, remained until May, 1863, then enlisted in Company "K" One Hundred and Fifty-first Ohio National Guards as a "hundred day" man. He took part in all the campaigns and battles of his regiment and at the end of the Civil War returned to Hiram College, resumed his studies until 1866, when he commenced studying medicine under Dr. J. H. Tressell, of Alliance, Ohio, and


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later attended lectures at the Hudson Medical College (now Cleveland Medical College) and graduated in 1870. He then commenced his medical practice at Malvern, where he also conducted a drug store in company with his son.


He was united in marriage December, 1869, to Cordelia Paessler, by whom two children were born, Iverson H. and Harwood C. Ross.


Doctor Ross was a large stockholder in the Malvern Clay Company of which industry he was one of the promoters. Politically, he was a Republican and from 1880-4 was a member of the Ohio House and nominated for State Senator, but declined the honor by withdrawing his name. After a useful and successful career, the doctor passed from earth's shining circle in the summer of 1905.

Dr. L. D. Stockon, one of Carroll County's ablest physicians, was born in New Hagerstown, Carroll County, Ohio, November 4, 1838, a son of Dr. Samuel M. and Caroline (Winchell) Stockon. The family were English, the great-grandparents of the doctor having come from that country.


Samuel M. Stockon, subject's father, at the age of sixteen years, commenced the study of medicine in Hartford, Connecticut; graduated from Bellevue Hospital Medical College and practiced medicine in Connecticut. In 1833 he married Caroline A. Winchell and removed to Brimfield, Ohio, practiced two years; moved to New Hagerstown, Carroll County and in 1858, moved to Carrollton. Besides medicine, the doctor also carried on banking at Carrollton, which business he established there in 1876 (private). He died July 30, 1888. He was the father of seven children, including Dr. L. D. Stockon.


Dr. L. D. Stockon was educated at the common schools of his native town and also attended Scio College and Hopedale. He began the study of medicine in 1859 under his father ; settled in Carrollton in general medical practice and also conducted a drug store two years. He was married in 1860 to Juliet R. Thomas. The doctor and wife had six children, including Irene, wife of Dr. J. R. Williams, now of Carrollton.


Doctor Stockon was politically, a Democrat, and was an honored member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. His wife died October 8, 1906 and he died October 29, 1906, of heart trouble.


Doctor Stockon was president of the Carrollton Savings & Trust Company and was reputed to have been the wealthiest man in Carroll County at the time of his death. Locally, he also held a large block of stock in the Mitzel Rubber Company and a 240 acre well improved farm were among his possessions in this county, and in Kansas City he held other valuable properties.

Dr. Hiram G. Tope, one of Carroll County's former physicians, resident of Perry Township for a quarter of a century, was born July 1, 1839 and died December 25, 1900. He was in ancestral line from Germany; he settled in Maryland, where George Tope, the great-great-grandfather was born. He came to Ohio and located in what is now Carroll County, where he built the first mill of the county, known as "Tope's Mill." This was in Union Township.


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The grandfather, George Tope, was born in 1782 and died in 1832 in Carroll County. He was an early day pioneer and had four sons and two daughters.


Henry Tope, the father, was by trade a gunsmith. He was born in Carroll County in 1813 and died at Peru, Illinois, in 1849. He married in 1836, Catherine Croglian, by whom four children were born, including Hiram G. Both parents died of cholera.


Dr. Hiram G. Tope lived in Peru, Illinois, six years, until the death of his parents, then returned to Carroll County to his grandparents. He attended the public schools ; when aged mneteen years commenced to study medicine and continued four years at Columbus, teaching school at intervals. He graduated and went to the western part of Ohio, practiced medicine one year, then located at Perryville, this county. In 1862, during the Civil War period. he enlisted In the Eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment as a hospital steward, served two years as assistant surgeon. His regiment was in many battles and skirmishes, some of the greatest engagements being the lot of his company.


He was married in 1862 to Mary A. Shultz, by whom two children were born, Cadmus A. and Ulysses I.


Dr. William Tripp, one of the highly esteemed and successful physicians of Carroll County, and a specialist, was born in Cannons- burg, Washington County, Pennsylvania. His father was a farmer and in 1834 removed the family to Carroll County, Ohio. The doctor was one of nine children in his parents' family-five took part in the Civil War. The parents were both dead prior to 1895.


Doctor Tripp attended the old McCormack Academy, Carrollton, then a like institution in Columbiana County. When sixteen years of age he began the study of medicine with Doctor Hunter, of Carrollton; when seventeen years old he commenced to teach school winters in order to get means with which to pursue his medical studies. In 1851, when he was twenty-five years old, he graduated from Cleveland Medical College, in the mean time practiced medicine to some extent. He finally took up his practice at Bolivar, Ohio, continued there thirteen years. In 1862 was commissioned by Governor Tod as surgeon of Camp Mingo, Ohio, to examine men for enlistment. In the spring of 1863 he purchased a drug store in Carrollton and moved to that town. In 1864 Governor Tod appointed him as assistant surgeon in the One Hundred and Twenty-Eighth Ohio Regiment for three years and sent him to Camp Cleveland. He remained in the- United States service until July, 1865. After his return he went to New Philadelphia, Ohio, was there a short time then returned to Carrollton, where he entered into the practice of his profession. In 1877 he was elected county treasurer and re-elected in 1879.


He was married in 1849 to Miss Deborah Smith ; in 1852 to Mrs. Mahala E. Soper and after her death he married Miss Sarah M. Smith. The doctor and his wife were members of the Methodist Episcopal Church and in politics he was a Republican. He worked his own way up by hard knocks and achieved an enviable success. He died in April, 1896, aged seventy-four years.


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Dr. William H. Walker, born in Fox Township, Carroll County, December 24, 1855. Hamilton Walker, his grandfather was born in Ireland; emigrated from that country to America at an early day; located in Pennsylvania; married an American-born lady. He was a chair-maker and he with his wife settled in the wilds of Jefferson County, Ohio. There Hamilton Walker, Jr., was born in 1823 ; he was reared on a farm, attended the rude schools of that day and in 1845 married Miss Mary Coventry and to this union was born three children, including Dr. W. H. Walker who was compelled to work his own way through life as best he could. He attended school at Mechanicstown and obtained a musical education. He married Frances De Ford in 1882. Two children were the result of this marriage. Finally, Mr. Walker left his farm to study medicine at Cleveland, Ohio, where he graduated after three years, March, 1891.


The doctor was identified with the United Presbyterian Church and politically he supported the Republican party. He and his son are now practicing in Cleveland, Ohio.


Dr. J. H. Trussell was one of the early physicians of the Sandy Valley. He practiced medicine in Malvern many years. He left for Alliance, Ohio, about 1870-75. He was a surgeon of more than ordinary ability for those times and was railroad surgeon in Alliance for many years. He died some years ago and has a son practicing in Alliance at this date.


Dr. Joseph T. McLean, a nephew of Dr. S. M. Stockon, with whom he studied along with L. D. Stockon and practiced with them after graduation in New York in 1876-77 then went to New Philadelphia, Ohio, and after some years there he went to New York City and engaged in exporting business in about 1882, and died in February, 1920.


Dr. Jasper Tope, a native of Union Township, was a student with Doctor Stockon and practiced in his home locality, beginning about the end of the Civil War. He still lives in Algonquin, aged eighty- seven. He was a non-graduate and his practice was confined near to his home.

Doctor Custer, of Scio, was a student of Doctor Stockon in Hagerstown. He died in Scio about 1885.


Dr. James Long, of Union Township, studied medicine with Doctor Stockon and began practice in New Harrisburg in the sixties. He came to Carrollton about one year before his death which occurred September, 1883, aged forty years.


Dr. Thomas P. Crawford left here twenty odd years ago and probably now resides some other point in Ohio. He graduated from Wooster Medical College in 1877.


Dr. C. V. McMillen lived and practiced one mile from Carrollton on the Oneida road but left and went to Iowa about 1863.


Dr. John S. Hunter practiced at Carrollton in the fifties and left for Newton, Iowa, about 1858. He came to this county among, if not as the first physician-he was here in practice in 1830-31 certainly.


Dr. W. O. Skeeles came to Carrollton from Tuscarawas County about 1876, associated with Doctor Tripp and later practiced alone. He married a daughter of General Eckley; practiced here in Carroll-


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ton for years and later went to Ashland, Ohio, and died in 1920. He graduated from Wooster University Medical College in 1875.


Dr. Allen Still, of Amsterdam, practiced there several years. He was a student of Doctor Black's and his home was in Union Township. He had a fair practice in and near Amsterdam. His work was limited to the eastern part of Carroll County,


Dr. S. B. Leckner, of Dell Roy, studied with Dr. McElroy and for a time practiced with Dr. S. B. Black ; in 1863 he located in Dell Roy and died in 1920, aged eighty-four years. He was a non-graduate. His widow lives in Dell Roy yet.


Dr. Ezra E. Tope was a native of Union Township, this county, and practiced mostly in Leesville and later Scio where he died about 1916. He graduated from Sterling in 1880.


Dr. John H. Stephenson was a physician for years in Leesville; was a student under Dr. C. V. McMillen. He died in 1891; graduated at the Ohio Medical College in 1845. His widow died February, 1821.


Dr. C. S. Clark was a student of Dr. J. H. Stephensonsis and practiced for years in Leesville and the last few years was in Canton. He died in either 1919 or 1920; was a graduate of the University of Maryland in 1887. His widow still resides in Canton, Ohio.


Dr. D. Arter practiced in this county and went to Canton, Ohio, about 1865, where he died in 1915 and his wife in 1918.


Dr. William H. Poole came here from Jefferson County, Ohio, about 1875, practiced a number of years and moved to Brilliant, where he died in 1889. He never kept a horse—was a very large man but not tall ; his practice was never large. He died aged seventy- one years.


Dr. William R. Spratt, still living at Malvern, Ohio, practiced there over fifty years. At one time he had a large practice. He is now about eighty-five years old. His son is present postmaster there. He was a graduate of Sterling Medical College in about 1865.


Dr. J. Maffett, aged eighty-eight years, living in Malvern where he has been fully fifty years, has always had a limited practice.


Dr. Jason Roach practiced for years in the village of Augusta, but later removed to Alliance, Ohio, where he died some fifteen years ago. He has a son practicing medicine m Alliance at this date.


Doctor McCollough practiced here in 1870 and moved to Steubenyille where he died ; his son is still in practice at that place.


Dr. C. H. Ross practiced in Dell Roy prior to 1890 for probably ten yeah. He moved to Alliance where he still lives ; graduate of Columbus Medical College.


Doctor Welch practiced in Carrollton and Mechanicsville about 1870; later moved to Waynesburg, Ohio, and then to Cadiz, where he died a few years ago.


Doctor Schultz practiced in Kilgore for several years prior to 1881; later he moved to Steubenville, Ohio, where he died within the last few years.


Dr. Andrew P. Albough succeeded Doctor Shultz at Kilgore ; he was a graduate of Miami Medical College in 1887 and settled at Kilgore; after years he moved to Tarpon Springs, Florida. He was born in Loudon Township this county.


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Dr. H. A. Harding, also a native of Loudon Township, this county, followed Doctor Albough at Kilgore ; practiced there until about 1912 ; is now at Amsterdam, Ohio ; his father lives near Kilgore. Doctor Harding was a graduate of Sterling Medical College in 1898.


Dr. Charles Wesley Baker followed Harding at Kilgore and practiced there until his death in 1920. He and his wife and Governor Hanly were riding in an automobile and were struck by a train at Philadelphia Roads and all were dead inside of seven hours. He was a graduate of Sterling in 1898.


Dr. George S. Patterson, living at his old home at Patterson- vine, Ohio, practicing medicine and has been for many years. He has very poor health. He graduated at the old Western Reserve College in 1893. His brother-m-law practiced in Augusta for many years and then moved to East Liverpool. The name is Dr. Joseph Laughlin, a graduate of Sterling Medical College in 1897.


Dr. William A. Leeper has been at Augusta for years and still in practice there. He is a graduate of the University of New York, 1886.


Dr. D. L. Everhart practiced at New Harrisburg for years, but is now at Malvern, Ohio. He graduated in 1894 at the University of Baltimore.


Dr. Katheran Rebecca Moses, a graduate from a medical school in 1900, is the only lady graduate from Carroll County. Practiced mostly at the asylum at Newburg, Ohio.


Dr. P. M. Bell, at Sherrodsville, is a graduate of Toledo Medical College, 1899, has been in practice at Sherrodsville about a dozen years.


Dr. J. D. Aldridge practiced in Sherrodsville for years ; he died about 1915. He was a graduate of Sterling Medical College, 1883; he built a hospital there with outside aid which he later abandoned, as it was not a financial success.


Dr. John Rhiel practiced at Augusta for years ; later was at Malvern his native town, but is now in practice at Canton, Ohio. He graduated from Louisville Medical College in 1891.


Dr. B. B. Bock practiced at Harlem Springs for several years, then at Carrollton until 1919; he is still practicing in Canton, Ohio. Graduate of Western Reserve Medical College 1902.


Dr. A. H. Hise came to Carrollton from Bucyrus, Ohio, about 1890—only attends to office work ; is with Doctor Zeigler.


Dr. C. R. Zeigler came to Carrollton about 1882 and has been a busy practitioner all these years. He graduated at Jefferson Medical College in 1874.


Dr. C. C. Bolton graduated at the College of Medicine in 1891; practiced at Sherrodsville many years but later went to another part of the State.


Dr. John Richard Williams, of Carrollton, has the largest country practice of any doctor in Carroll County, as well as the most extensive in the State, considering the condition of the roads over which he has had to travel. It is stated upon authority that he travels about one thousand miles per month.


Doctor Williams was born in Carrollton, Carroll County, Ohio, February 18, 1858, a son of Major Robert F. Williams, a native of


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Washington Township, this county, born in 1833. Doctor Williams commenced attending the common schools and Carrollton High School, clerked in a store three years ; was with a civil engineering corps three years in railroad construction; taught school 1876-7 ; began the study of medicine in the spring of 1878, under Dr. L. D. Stockon, of Carrollton. Doctor Williams graduated from Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York, in 1881.


Possessed of a robust, vigorous constitution the doctor has been able to attend to a large and ever increasing practice, both in town and country. Hundreds of thousands of miles have been traveled over the none too good roads in Carroll and adjoining counties in the last third of a century by this faithful physician in his practice. (See biographical sketch).


Other physicians of the county include Dr. J. J. Hathaway, who has practiced in Carrollton for about ten years; he is a graduate of Western Reserve Medical College with the class of 1903.


Dr. R. T. Shipley came to Carrollton in 1916; was m France during the World War, returned in 1920 and went to Canton, Ohio, where he is now in practice. He graduated at the Western Reserve College in 1910.


Dr. William S. Thompson, a native of Lee Township, this county, graduated from Sterling Medical College in 1896; practiced at Harlem Springs five years and then went to Gerard where he died in a few years.


RECENT PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY


From a list compiled in 1918-19, by Dr. J. R. Williams, the following active practicing physicians appear for Carroll County :


Drs. J. R. Williams, C. W. Baker, P. M. Bell, D. L. Everhart, Giles, J. J. Hathaway, A. H. Hise, William A. Leeper, J. Maffett, Doctor Buck, Doctor Patterson, Doctor Rhiel, R. T. Shipley, W. R. Spratt, Dr. U. I. Tope, Jasper Tope, and C. R. Zeigler.