56 - HISTORY OF BUTLER COUNTY.

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THE EARLIEST ACCOUNT OF THE MIAMI, COUNTRY.

THE earliest account we have of the Miami country is from the pen of Dr. Daniel Drake, a learned and successful practitioner of medicine in Cincinnati, who wrote a book descriptive of that city and the Miami country in 1815. He had evidently devoted much time and attention to the subject, and, as far as we may judge at this length of time, his accounts were accurate.

" The south-west corner of the State of Ohio," writes Dr. Drake, " is watered chiefly by two rivers, called the Great and Little Miamis. Their general course is southwest; their medium distance apart, twenty miles.

" The Great Miami is about one hundred and thirty yards wide for forty miles from its mouth ; its headwaters, between forty and forty-four degrees north latitude, interlock with the Massassinaway, a branch of the Wabash, the Auglaize and St. Mary, branches of the Maumee, and the Scioto. It has generally a rapid current, but no considerable falls. It flows through a wide and fertile valley, which, in Spring and Autumn, is liable to partial inundation. Its principal tributary streams on the west are Loramie's Creek, which joins it about one hundred and thirty miles from its mouth ; Stillwater, which enters it about fifty miles below; and Whitewater, which it receives within seven miles of the Ohio. The first of these is navigable for batteaux nearly twenty miles, and in this respect is superior to the others. On the east side Mad River only is deserving of notice. This beautiful stream originates in a pond on the Indian boundary of 1795, and glides through a tract finely diversified with prairie and woodland. It is too shallow for navigation, but at all times furnishes water enough for the largest mills. Its mouth is nearly opposite that of Stillwater, and immediately above the town of Dayton. From this place to the Great Miami it is navigable, in moderate freshets, for keel and flat-bottom boats ; in high floods the same navigation may be had from Loramie's Creek; but the frequent formation of new bars by the drifting of sand and gravel renders the navigation, even near its mouth, difficult in low water. This river has a number of islands. The largest is two miles above the town of Hamilton. It was formed, since the settlement of that place, by a portion of the river enlarging a millrace which ran into one of its branches, called Seven- mile. Near the village of Troy is a group of about twenty more, the principhl of which is nearly three- quarters of a mile long. The valley of the river, at this place, is a mile wide, and the banks are low and loose. The current among the islands is rapid, but the navigation is not entirely obstructed."

A few pages further on Dr. Drake gives a description of Butler County. He says :

"This county lies west of the one last described (Warren), and to the north of Hamilton. The Great Miami traverses it diagonally. The soil of the north-east and south-west quarters is said to be generally poor ; that of the south-east and north-west fertile.

"Hamilton, the seat of justice, is situated twenty-five miles north-north-east of Cincinnati, on the east bank of the Miami. Its site is elevated, extensive, and beautiful; but near it, to the south, is a pond which has contributed much to the injury of health. The materials for building are neither very plentiful nor excellent. Good timber can not be had nearer than the neighboring hills ; the limestone in the bed of the river is indifferent, but some better quarries have been opened in the uplands ; the brick-clay yet discovered is inferior, abounding in fragments of limestone. The dwelling-houses, about seventy in number, are chiefly of wood ; well-water is obtained at the depth of twenty-five feet.

"This town was laid off about the year 1794, and incorporated in 1810. The donations for public use are a square near the center of the village, for county purposes, and another for a church and cemetery. Its only public building, is a stone jail. It has a post-office, an office for the collection of taxes on non-residents' lands in the western' part of the State, and a printing-office, which issues a newspaper called the Miami Intelligencer.

"Rossville, lying on the west side of the river, opposite to Hamilton, is a small place. Middletown, on the road from Hamilton to Franklin, is situated east of the river. Like most of the villages in the Miami country, it has a post-office. Oxford, in the western part of the county, has less population and improvement but more notoriety than either of them, from having been fixed on as the seat of a university. The land is held in trust by the Legislature, which, in 1810, enacted a law directing the lots to be disposed of on leases for ninety-nine -years, renewable forever, at the rate of six per cent per annum on the purchase-money, to be paid annually. Being on the frontier of the State, and almost surrounded by forest instead of cultivated country, it has received but little attention."

A page is given to the value of land. " Within three

THE EARLIEST ACCOUNT OF THE MIAMI COUNTRY - 57

miles of Cincinnati, at this time," he says, " the prices of good unimproved land are between fifty and one hundred and fifty dollars per acre, varying according to the distance. From this limit to the extent of twelve miles they decrease from thirty to ten. Near the principal villages of the Miami country it commands from twenty to forty dollars; in remoter situations it is from four to eight dollars—improvements*in all cases advancing the price from twenty-five to one hundred per cent. An average for the settled portions of the Miami country, still supposing the land fertile and uncultivated, may be stated at eight dollars ; if cultivated, at twelve.

" Of tracts that had the same local advantages, those alluvial or bottom lands that have been recently formed command the best price. The dry and fertile prairies are esteemed of equal value. Next to these are the uplands, supporting hackberry, pawpaw, honey, locust, sugar-tree, and the different species of hickory, walnut, ash, buckeye, and elm. Immediately below these, in the scale of value, is the level clothed in beech timber, while that producing white and black oak chiefly commands the lowest price of all.

" These were not the prices in 1812 ; the war, by promoting immigration, having advanced the nominal value of land from twenty-five to thirty per cent.

" The agriculture of this, as of other new countries, is not of the best kind. Too much reliance is placed on the extent and fertility of their fields by the farmers, who, in general, consider them a substitute for good tillage. They frequently plant double the quantity they can properly cultivate, and thus impoverish their lands and suffer them to become infested with briars and noxious weeds. The preservation of the forests of a country should be an object of attention in every stage of its settlement; and it would be good policy to clear and plant no more land in a new country, than can be well cultivated.

"The most valuable timber trees are the white flowering locust, white, black, lowland chestnut and burr- oaks, black walnut, wild cherry, yellow poplar, blue and white ash, mulberry, honey locust, shell-bark hickory, coffee-nut and beech ; all of which, except the first, are common throughout the Miami country. Many other species, such as the sweet buckeye, sassafras, sugar-tree, reed maple, tinder-tree, and box-elder, are seldom used for timber ; but are of great value in the mechanical arts. Experience has shown that the timber of the Western country is softer, weaker, and less durable than that of the Atlantic States ; which is no doubt owing to its more rapid growth in a fertile, calcareous soil and humid atmosphere. •

" The most elegant flowering trees and shrubs are the follOwing, which excel in the order of their enumeration : Dogwood, red-bud, white flowering locust, crabapple, honeysuckle, black haw, the different species of roses, plums, and haws, the buckeyes and yellow poplar, most of which are common, and for that reason are seldom transplanted into our streets and gardens.

" The beech, white oak, sugar-tree, and some kinds of walnut, hickory, and ash, are the most numerous of any trees in the Miami country. The flowering locust, abundant in Kentucky and along the Ohio, is rarely found more than twenty miles north of that river. The chestnut, persimmon, fox grape, and mountain chestnut oak, are still scarcer."

The following are given by the author as a catalogue of the forest trees then known to exist. Michaux, he says, names ninety kinds of trees in the United States which grow above forty feet in height, while in. the Miami country there are forty-five which attain to that elevation. According to the same authority, there are, in the Union, ninety species which rise above sixty feet ; in this quarter there are at least an equal number which grow to that height. " Hence, it appears that the soil of this tract," remarks the doctor, "is superior to that of the United States generally, for it affords as many trees above sixty feet in height as all the States taken together, while it has only half the number of species." Here is the list of Dr. Drake :

Button tree, dogwood, swamp dogwood, alternate branched dogwood, rose or red willow, shrub teafoil, witch-hazel, fox grape, fall grape, Winter grape, ivy, New Jersey tea, Indian arrow wood, evergreen arrow- wood, staff tree or bitter sweet, honeysuckle, gooseberry, black currant, slippery elm, white elm, common elder, red-berried elder, black haw, bladdernut tree, poison vine, sumach, stag's-horn sumach, lentiscus-leaved sumach, trifoliate sumach, common or fetid buckeye, sweet buckeye, marsh leather-wood, long-leaved vaccineum, sassafras, spice-wood, red-bud, coffee-tree, mock snow-ball, wild cherry, plum, haw, crab-apple, wild roses, swamp rose, blackberry, raspberry, wine bark, downy spiro3a, black linden-tree, oblique-leave• linden, cucumber-tree, pawpaw—two varieties poplar—yellow and white, trumpet flower, flowering locust, St. Peter's wort, red mulberry, black birch, common alder, beech, chestnut, hornbeam, hop hornbeam, black walnut, butternut, shellbark hickory, pig-nut, balsam hickory, hemlock, sycamore, burr oak, chestnut oak, mountain chestnut oak, upland willow oak, black oak, Spanish oak, red oak, hazel-nut, American arbor vitae, rough-barked willow, ozier, mistletoe, prickly ash, cotton-tree, aspen, Canadian yew-tree, red cedar, sugar-tree, red or water maple, mountain maple, box-elder, hackberry, persimmon, honey locust, sour gum, white ash, swamp ash, greenbriar and blue ash.

Dr. Drake gives the following as the time for flowering and for the growth of vegetables in this country:

March 9th, commons becoming green; 10th, buds of the water maple beginning to open; buds of the lilac beginning to open; 11th, buds of the weeping willow beginning to open ; 12th, buds of the gooseberry beginning

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to open ; 16th, buds of the honeysuckle beginning to open ; 30th, buds of the peach-tree beginning to open ; radishes, peas, and tongue-grass planted in the open air.

April 12th, peach-tree in full flower; buds of the privet beginning to open ; 19th, buds of the cherry tree beginning to open ; red currants beginning to flower; 22d, buds of the flowering locust beginning to open; lilac in full flower ; 24th, apple-tree in full flower; 28th, dogwood in full flower.

May 13th, flowering locust in full bloom ; 16th, Indian corn planted ; honeysuckle beginning to flower.

June 8th, cherries beginning to ripen ; raspberries beginning to ripen ; 10th, strawberries beginning to ripen ; red currants beginning to ripen ; 28th, hay harvest.

July 8th, rye harvest begun ; 14th, wheat harvest begun ; 16th, blackberries ripe ; 19th, unripe Indian corn in market ; 22d, Indian corn generally in flower; 25th, oat harvest. •

August 9th, peaches in market.

September 16th, forests becoming variegated.

October 21st, Indian corn gathered; 26th, woods leafless.

In 1806, the weeping willow unfolded its leaves about the 20th of February.

MIAMI UNIVERSITY.

THE Miami University is situated In the town of Oxford, and at one time was the leading school of higher education in the West. It derives its permanent endowment from a township of land, six miles square, situated in the north-west corner of Butler County, being located on the west side of the Great Miami River, in lieu of a township of land which had been originally granted by Congress for the endowment of an " academy and other seminaries of learning" in Symmes's purchase between the Miami Rivers.

Judge Symmes had, in his published " terms of sale," made a reservation (among others) of a township of land " to be given perpetually for the purposes of an academy or college to be laid off by the purchaser or purchasers as nearly opposite the month of the Licking River as an entire township may be found eligible in point of soil and situation, to be applied to the intended object by the Legislature of the State." Notwithstanding this published reservation, Judge Symmes and associates, in actual practice, disposed of their land as though there had been no reservation for college purposes, whether, knowingly or not. 'The settlers, fearing that they would lose the whole endowment, petitioned Congress to grant them an entire township, and the result of these applications moved it to pass a law, March 3, 1803, giving a township of land on the west side of the Great Miami River, within the land office district of Cincinnati, to be located under the direction of the Legislature of Ohio, in lieu of the township intended originally to be reserved in Symmes's purchase. In pursuance of this law, the Legislature of Ohio, April 15, 1803, appointed Jacob White, Jeremiah Morrow, and William Ludlow commissioners to locate a college township, which was done in due time, they selecting what is now known as Oxford Township, Butler County, being an entire township of thirty-six sections, except section 25, and the west half of sections 11, 14, and 24, which had been sold previous to the location ; and to supply their place sections 30 and 31 in Milford Township and the west half of section 6 in Hanover

Township were selected.

On the 17th of February, 1809, the Legislature of Ohio chartered the Miami University, and vested the proceeds of the township in the hands of the president and trustees ; and appointed Alexander Campbell, Rev. James Killburn, and Rev. Robert Wilson commissioners to select a suitable and permanent site for the university. The commissioners knowing that, in conformity to the grant made by Congress, the purchasers of land from Judge Symmes who located high up the Miami Rivers had an equal claim with those on the Ohio River regulated their conduct accordingly. They, therefore, in their view for a proper site, looked at Dayton, Yellow Springs, Hamilton, Lebanon, and Cincinnati. By the act chartering the university, it was prescribed that it should be located in " that part of the country known as John Cleves Symmes's purchase," and that the commissioners for locating the university should hold their first meeting at Lebanon, ;Warren County. At the time appointed for the meeting of the commissioners, the Rev..Robert Wilson, was detained at home by sickness. The other commissioners attended, and having examined all the places presented for their consideration, they selected the town of Lebanon, Warren County, as the seat of the university, and made their report accordingly to the Legislature.

It was then generally considered that the seat of the university was unalterably fixed, although many from other places were greatly disappointed ; but at the next session of the Legislature a proposition was brought forward by Mr. Cooper, of Dayton, to establish the university on the College Township, without the Symmes purchase. The law appointing the locating commissioners required that three should act, and as one was absent, the Legislature set aside the selection at Lebanon, and established the site of Miami University where it now is, at Oxford.

The first meeting of the Board of Trustees was held at Lebanon, on the seventh day of June, 1809. The trustees present were John Bigger and Ichabod B. Halsey, of Warren County; Benjamin Whiteman, of Greene County; James Brown, of Miami County ; Benjamin Van Cleve, of Montgomery County; Thomas Irvin, of Butler County; and John Riddle, of Hamilton County. John Bigger

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was chosen president, and Benjamin Van Cleve secretary, pro tern.

A committee was appointed to contract with a surveyor to subdivide the college lands into lots of five or six to each section, to be laid off as nearly equal as the situation of the land, water-courses, and situations for building would admit ; and to make out seven complete plats and field-notes of the survey (one for the trustees of each county in the Miami purchase), for which the surveyor was to be paid $2 per mile for all new lines to be run and marked. To this position James Heaton, of Butler County, was appointed.

The second meeting of the trustees was held at Hamilton, on the first Monday of March, 1810, William Ludlow, John Reily, and Ogden Ross attending, but adjourning from day to day until the 26th of March, when the following trustees were present: William Corry, James Findlay, Thomas Irvin, William Ludlow, John Reily, John Riddle, Ogden Ross, James Shields, and Joseph Vanhorne. Daniel Symmes appeared next day. The board was organized by the appointment of Joseph Van- home as president, and John Reily, secretary, pro tem.

They passed an ordinance to regulate the leasing of the lands of the university. This provided that not more than one-third of the farm lots should be offered for lease at any one time, and at a price not less than $2.50 per acre. It also provided for laying out the town of Oxford, and directed that not more than one-half of the lots should be offered for sale. No in-lot should be sold for less than $16.66i. The lot was to be subject to a quit-rent of six per cent on the amount of the purchase money, payable annually forever. The four-acre lots were not to be sold for less than $5 per acre, on the same conditions as the in-lots.

The board appointed a committee consisting of Messrs. Ludlow, Irvin, Ross, Reily, and Vanhorne to select a suitable tract of one mile square on which to lay out the town of Oxford, to designate the lots and lands to be first offered for sale, and to select certain reservations.

The board, before adjournment, appointed William Ludlow president, James McBride secretary, and William Murray treasurer, pro tem.

The committee proceeded to the college lands, and, after two days spent in the examination, selected the south-east quarter of section 22, the south-west quarter of section 23, the north-west quarter of section 26, and the north-east quarter of section 27 of the college lands as the site of the town of Oxford. On this site the first portion of the town of Oxford was laid out by James Heaton. It consisted of one hundred and twenty-eight in-lots, ten poles in length by four poles in width ; the streets six poles in width, and alleys one pole wide ; and forty out-lots of four acres each. At the first sale there were to be offered only the odd numbers of the lots in the town of Oxford, and the lands of the two tiers of sections from south to north, which included the, town.

The first sale was held at the court-house in Hamilton, on the 22d and 23d days of May, 1810, under the superintendence of the president, secretary, and treasurer, where there were lots and lands sold to the following amount: 29 in-lots in the town of Oxford, for $560.86; 20 out, or four acre lots, for $495.75 ; 71 country or farming lots of land, at the average price of $3.75 per acre, $28,423.64 ; total, $29,480.25. The lots and land thus bid off on those days alone would have yielded an annual revenue to the institution of $1,768.81, had the purchasers complied with the conditions of sale ; but many of the purchasers, residents of various parts of the State of Ohio, as well as of other States, actuated by motives of speculation, or other motives equally injurious to the prosperity of the institution, attended the sale and bid off lots, and neither before nor after the sale went even to explore the situation of the lands which they purchased. As no payment in advance, or other security, was required, it could only be known who were bona fide purchasers after the lapse of a year, when the payment of the interest became due. Of the farming lots bid off, forty-seven were forfeited, and eighteen in-lots and twelve out-lots were afterward forfeited to the institution. This provision, however, was not enforced until the year 1814.

Previous to the day of sale it had been discovered that there was a discrepancy of nearly two thousand acres in the quantity of land in the township according to the survey made by Mr. Heaton, the surveyor appointed by the Board of Trustees, with the survey of the same township made by the surveyor-general. It was therefore made a condition that the lots of land should be subject to a re-survey and measurement, to ascertain the true quantity each contained.

The next meeting of the Board of Trustees was held at Cincinnati, on the second day of June, when, on motion of James Findlay, it was resolved that the president of the board call on Jared Mansfield, surveyor-general, and request him to nominate a skillful surveyor to survey and measure the boundary lines of the Miami College township, and calculate the quantity of land, making report to the Board of Trustees, in order that if any deficiency existed application might be made for an additional grant. The surveyor-general acceded to their request, and appointed William Harris, surveyor, to perform that duty, with John Hall and William Spencer chain-carriers.

On the twenty-third day of June, 1810, the Board of Trustees again convened at Cincinnati, when the report of Mr. Harris, the surveyor, was received, by which it appeared that the township contained its full quantity of land. According to his survey there was twenty-three thousand, four hundred and seventy-one and thirteen-hundredths acres. On this report being received James Heaton was requested to re-survey and measure all the lines of the farming lots of land by him heretofore laid off, making a complete plat of it. If Mr. Heaton should

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decline, the president was authorized to employ some other surveyor. However, Mr. Heaton complied with the request of the board, and made a remeasurement. That previously done was found to be erroneous. At this meeting the board directed that the next sale of the university lands should be held at Hamilton, on the twenty- eighth day of August, 1810.

At this meeting the Rev. John W. Browne was appointed an agent to solicit and receive donations for the Miami University. He was to receive fifty dollars a month and his expenses. He set out on his mission on the fourth day of January, 1811, and returned to Cincinnati on the third of August, 1812. During his mission he collected about two thousand five hundred dollars in money and received a number of books. Mr. Browne was drowned shortly after his return from his mission, before he had an opportunity of meting the Board of Trustees and settling his accounts with them. The books were sent to Cincinnati, and there remained until the latter part of October, 1817, when they were received from the administrator of Mr. Browne by a committee appointed by the trustees for that purpose. The executors had for a long time tried to get rid of them. The committee selected such of the books as they deemed proper for a college library. One hundred and eighteen volumes were sold to the Cincinnati Circulating Library Society at seventy-five cents per volume, amounting to $88.50. The rest of the books were sent to auction and disposed of to the best advantage. They brought $382.64, from which, after deducting expenses of sale, storage, and contingent expenses, there remained to the credit of the university, including the sum due from the library society, the sum of $371.86.

In 1820 the books reserved for the' college library were sent to Oxford and placed in a room of the college building Some time afterwards the door of the room was broken open and a number of the books carried off. The amount that reached the treasury of the university, as the fruits of his itinerant labors, was $849.86.

At a meeting of the Board of Trustees held at Hamilton on the twelfth and thirteenth days of February, 1811, an ordinance was passed for the erection of a school house in the town of Oxford, and one hundred and fifty dollars appropriated for that purpose. Afterwards one hundred and sixty dollars was appropriated for the completion of the building. The house was erected in the university square, west of where the main college edifice now stands. It was a structure of hewed logs twenty feet wide by thirty odd feet long, one story high, with a clapboard roof. It had a fireplace and chimney at each end, built of rough stones. The building was designed (for the time being) to be used by the citizens of the township for an English school. The citizens of Oxford selected James M. Dorsey for their teacher, and in December, 1811, he moved into the building. He had a partition run through the middle of the house, dividing it into two apartments, and lived with his family in one apartment and taught his school in the other. In 1824 the trustees had a second story of logs put on the building, and converted it into a dwelling for the Rev. Robert H. Bishop, the first president. Mr. Bishop continued to live in this building until about 1830, when it was occupied by the janitor. In 1864 it was a stable.

On the seventeenth day of April, 1812, Israel Woodruff was appointed collector.

On the fifth day of November, 1813, William Ludlow resigned his office as president, and John Reily was appointed in his room. In November, 1813, Stephen Minor was appointed collector.

The trustees of the Miami University having resolved to erect a building for the use of the college, a committee, consisting of the Rev. Matthew G. Wallace, a Presbyterian preacher, then of Hamilton ; Dr. Daniel Millikin, a physician, of Hamilton ; and Benjamin Van Cleve, Esq., of Dayton, clerk of the Court of Montgomery County, was appointed to superintend the erection and completion of the building.

Early in the Spring of the year 1816, a plat of ground in the university square having been cleared off of all timber, brush, and rubbish, Mr. Wallace and Dr Millikin, two of the committee, attended at Oxford, and caused James M. Dorsey to measure and mark the foundation of the building. The ground for the foundation having been leveled and prepared, and Mr. Vail and the other contractors to perform the mason work being present, on the tenth day of April, 1816, at the request of the building committee, James M. Dorsey laid the first corner-stone of the west wing of the Miami University. It was placed about eighteen or twenty inches below the surface of the ground. According to the original plan, there was to be a center building, with wings on the east and on the west, each wing to be eighty feet long. The building then contracted for was intended to be the one- half of the west wing. Skilman Alger was the carpenter. As soon as the necessary funds could be raised the Board of Trustees applied them to the erection of a building for the institution. In 1818, a building fifty-six feet by forty feet, and three stories high, wak erected as part of a wing.

A grammar school was then opened. The Rev. James Hughes was appointed teacher, at a salary of five hundred dollars per year tuition fees, and house rent, and the school went into operation on the first Tuesday of November, 1818, and was continued until April, 1821— shortly after which Mr. Hughes died. This happened on the second day of May following, and the school was discontinued. The course of instruction pursued was principally confined to the Latin and Greek languages.

During this time the Board of Trustees directed their revenue, after defraying the expenses of the grammar-school, to the erection of an additional building; and in 1824 a building sixty feet front by eighty-six feet deep,

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and three stories high, was completed, adjoining the former building on the east, designed as a center building for the college.

October 5, 1820, Ebenezer Cross was appointed collector, and an ordinance was passed requiring the offices of secretary and treasurer to be held in the town of Oxford from and after the first day of January, 1821. Edward Newton was appointed secretary and Merrikin Bond treasurer. On the first day of January, 1821, the offices of secretary and treasurer were removed from Hamilton to the town of Oxford ; June 20, 1822, Joel Collins was appointed secretary of the Miami University; October 5, 1823, Skilman Alger appointed collector; April 7, 1824, David Purviance appointed president of the Board of Trustees.

At a meeting of the board on the sixth day of July, 1824, the Rev. Robert H. Bishop was appointed president of the Miami University, with a salary of one thousand dollars per year, and the occupancy of the mansion house free from rent. William Sparrow was appointed tutor of languages, with a salary of five hundred dollars per year. The price of tuition in the grammar-school was fixed at five dollars, and in the college at ten dollars, per session, to be paid, in advance.

September 15, 1824, John Annan, of Baltimore, was appointed professor of mathematics and natural philosophy, with a salary of seven hundred dollars per annum. James M. Dorsey was appointed treasurer in the room of Merrikin Bond, resigned. September 15, 1824, James Crawford was appointed collector.

In the year 1822 an effort was made to remove the university to Cincinnati, and make it a part of the Cincinnati College, and for that purpose a bill was introduced by Mr. Williams, of Cincinnati, having for its object the removal. When the news of the bill reached Oxford, Mr. Joel Collins, a warm friend of the university, and at that time a member of the Legislature, furnished a copy of the bill and other papers, in relation to its passage ; and the lessees of the university lands held a meeting, of which James M. D.orsey was chairman and David Morris secretary. This meeting appointed a committee, consisting of Rev. Moses Crume, William Ludlow, Rev. Spencer Clack, James M. Dorsey, Dr. James R. Hughs, David Morris, Charles Newhall, Edward Newton, and Abraham I. Chittenden, to prepare and forward to the Legislature a protest against, and to exhibit the injustice as well as the impolicy of, removing or attempting to remove the uni-

versity from its present site. This committee also prepared and published "An Address to the Inhabitants of Symmes's Purchase."

In this address the committee goes over the whole ground of the dispute, which had then lasted thirteen years. There was no restriction upon the powers of the Legislature ; they were ample and conclusive. The only questions were as to the good faith to be shown to the inhabitants of Symmes's purchase, and as to the conduct and well-being of the college. The purchase of Judge Symmes, as originally intended, was seventy miles long by twenty miles wide. It was impossible at that day, and would now be, for many persons to live so near the university that they could board their children at home. It was estimated that not more than one in fifty could possibly be near enough for that purpose. The other forty-nine fiftieths wished the school where it might be the strongest and its expenses the least. Oxford offered them advantages more striking than any other place.

In the first place, Symmes had not fulfilled his agreement. He had promised the people who settled on his lands a full township for university purposes, but instead of living up to his promises, he went on selling until he could not have given in any township four sections of good land, much less thirty-six. He made no donation for this purpose ; but, on the contrary, the land which is now the property of the Miami University is the gift of the United States Government. There consequently existed no contract between the dwellers on Symmes's grant and the trustees of the college.

The township of Oxford, by a happy chance, was nearly entirely unoccupied when the gift was made to the State of Ohio. It was favorably situated for leasing. Its grounds were high and salubrious; its natural productiveness was great. It was no further from the Miami River, the great natural highway of the pioneers of this region, than Lebanon. Nearly all of the members of the Legislature from the purchase, in 1809, were in favor of the location at Oxford. Those from Hamilton County were unanimous.

By placing the university on this spot the lessees would be mulch better enabled to pay their rents. There would be the natural sale of commodities to the students and professors; there would be the families of the shop-keepers and artisans, and in the end there would be the families who would be drawn thither so as not to be far away from, their children while the latter were attending the terms. Had the university been placed elsewhere these anticipations could not have been realized. The lands were in the center of a wilderness; there was no near market, and it would have taken many years for it all to reach the highest point of rent.

It was also believed by the Legislature that there would be moral advantages from the selection which could not be had in a large town, such as Cincinnati then bid fair to be. The celebrity of the place and the interest of the inhabitants of the town would depend in a very large degree upon the suppression of immorality. No such interest would be strong enough in Cincinnati.

Mr. Shields, in support of his motion to reject the bill introduced by Micajah T. Williams, read this remonstrance, and said that " a remonstrance from the citizens of Oxford against the removal of the university, had been forwarded to the Legislature at the session of 1814— 1815, at which time the subject was discussed." The

62 - HISTORY OF BUTLER COUNTY.

committee to whom the subject was referred at that time was selected by ballot, and in their report declared that it was not in the power of the Legislature to do away with the acts of a former Legislature, where under those acts rights had become vested. The committee made a report, through its chairman, John Wilson Campbell, being an unanswerable argument in favor of sustaining the establishment at Oxford. This address seemed to tranquilize the minds of the lessees, nor did the dissatisfied portion of the inhabitants within the bounds of Symmes's purchase make any further attempt to remove the site of the Miami University until 1822. The bill was killed in Committee of the Whole, and although public notice was given that the attempt at a removal would be renewed the next year, the Legislature has not since then interfered in any way. The minds of many of the wealthy and influential citizens of Symmes's purchase continued to be dissatisfied, and occasionally they manifested a disposition rather to pull down than to raise up the institution at Oxford.

Notwithstanding the able report from the pen of the Hon. Jacob Burnet, strongly recommending the removal of the Miami University from Oxford to Cincinnati, that gentleman in after life, in his Notes, makes use of these words : "The Legislature, however, thought differently, and passed an act establishing the university on the land without the limits of John C. Symmes's purchase. The institution is now in a very flourishing state, and al_ though the original beneficiaries of the grant have been wrongfully deprived of their rights, yet it is now too late to relieve them without great temporary injury to the cause of science, and on that account it is desirable that no effort be made to disturb the institution or check its advance."

The university began operations in November, 1824, and Robert H. Bishop, D. D., was inaugurated on the thirtieth day of March, 1825. A procession was formed in the Methodist Church at 11 o'clock of that day. First were citizens, then students. of the university, the secretary, treasurer, and collector, trustees of the university, the president of the board, and professors. The body then moved to the college chapel, where the inaugural ceremony took place. The following were the exercises :

1. Music.

2. Introductory prayer, by the Rev. David Purviance.

3. Address, by the. Rev. William Gray.

4. Music.

5. Delivery of the charter, keys, etc., and a charge to the president, by the Rev. John Thompson.

6: Inaugural prayer, by the Rev. Alexander Porter.

7. Address, by President Bishop.

8. Music.

9. Concluding prayer, by the Rev. Stephen Gard.

David Higgins, David MacDill, and James McBride were the Committee of Arrangements. Abram I. Chittenden acted as the marshal of the day.

The address of Dr. Bishop, a learned and scholarly production, was shortly after published by James B. Camron, of Hamilton.

To give an idea of the course of study, the regulations, and the names of students, we give the first yearly catalogue almost entire :

BOARD OF TRUSTEES. —Rev. John Thompson, Luke Foster, Esq., Stephen Woods, Esq., Hamilton County ; Hon. Joshua Collett, Rev. William Gray, Warren County; Henry Bacon, Esq., Stephen Fales, Esq., Montgomery County ; Rev. William Graham, Chillicothe ; Sampson Mason, Esq., Clark County; Col. John Johnston, Miami County; James Cooley, Esq., Champaign County ; Rev. David Purviance, Rev. Alexander Porter, Preble County; Rev. Stephen Gard, Rev. David MacDill, John Reily, Esq., David Higgins, Esq., James McBride, Esq., Butler County. Joel Collins, secretary of Board of Trustees. James M. Dorsey, treasurer.

FACULTY AND INSTRUCTORS. —Rev. R. H. Bishop, D. D., President, Professor of Logic, Moral Philosophy and History, and ex-officio chairman of Board of Trustees ; John E. Annan (of Dickinson College), Professor of Mathematics, Geography, Natural Philosophy, and Astronomy, and Teacher of Political Economy ; William H. MeGuffey (of Washington College), Professor of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and ex-officio Librarian ; John P. Williston (of Yale College), Principal of the Grammar School ; Samuel W. Parker, Thomas Armstrong, James 'Reynolds, John S. Weaver, Tutors ; John W. Caldwell, secretary of the Faculty.

EXTRACT FROM THE BY-LAWS.-1st. There shall be a stated meeting of the faculty on the last Saturday of every month, at ten o'clock, A. M.

2d. At this meeting a return shall be made by every instructor of all the absences and deficiencies which may have occurred in his department during the month, and these returns shall be put upon file and preserved until the end of the session.

3d. The faculty shall also at each of these monthly meetings enter into a full and free conversation on the conduct and progress of the students generally, and if any student, all circumstances being taken into view, shall be found not making that progress which he might do, or not conducting himself with that order and sobriety which are becoming, information of his situation shall be immediately communicated to his parents, that he may be removed.

4th. No student shall be allowed to recite with any class who does not, within ten days after he may have made application to be admitted into that class, lodge with the president a certificate from the instructor, stating that his previous acquirements are such as to entitle him to a regular standing in, said class.

5th. No individual shall be allowed, on any account whatever, to continue connected with any department who is not, in the opinion of the faculty, fully employed.

MIAMI UNIVERSITY - 63

Nor shall any individual be permitted to omit reciting with any class to which he may be attached, but by a vote of the faculty at their stated monthly meeting.

RESIDENT GRADUATE.—Thomas E. Hughes, of Jefferson College, Pennsylvania.

Seniors.—Samuel' C. Baldridge, William M. Corry, Daniel L. Gray, James P. Pressly, Ebenezer Pressly, James Reynolds, James Thompson, John Thompson, John P. Vandyke, John L. Weaver, James Worth, Ebenezer Woodruff

Juniors. James H. Bacon, John W. Caldwell, G. R. Gassaway, Thomas A. Jones, John McMehan, Robert C. Schenck, Joseph S. Wallace.

Sophomores.—Thomas Armstrong, George Bishop, Bernard Brewster, Godwin V. Dorsey, Henry P. Galloway, John M. Garrigus, Samuel W. Parker, Joseph H. Reily, James Simpson, Hugh B. Wilson, Taylor Webster, William Burch.

Freshmen.—William Boyce, Courtland Cushing, Ebenezer Elliott, William F. Ferguson, James N. Gamble, John Hunt, George W. Jones, Ralph P. Lowe, William C. Lyle, John McDill, James Reily, William B. Russell, John Vanausdall, Nathaniel Weed, Elias Williams, Ira Root.

ENGLISH SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT.

Third Class.—William Bishop, Samuel Fleming, Robert G. Linn, William Porter, Ezekiel Walker.

Second Class.—Freeman Alger, Charles Barnes, John H. Boyce, Robert C. Caldwell, Edward F. Chittenden, John Harrison, William Hueston, Algernon S. Foster, Thomas I. Foster, Cyrus Falconer, Caleb B. Smith, Abner Longly, Hugh Webster.

First Class.—Robert Blair, Joseph Blair, Clement Brown, Jonathan Harshman, Samuel McCleane, Thomas Pursell, Alvah White.

SUMMARY.—College proper, 48; English Scientific Department, 25 ; Grammar School, 38 ; total, 111.

(We omit the names in the preparatory department.)

Those whose names are in the above catalogue are natives of fourteen different States. The youngest is in his seventh and the oldest in his thirty-third year. The great body are, however, natives of Ohio, and betwixt the ages of fourteen and twenty-one.

At the close of last session six had their names returned to their parents as not having made that improvement which would justify any further trouble or expense in endeavoring to give them a liberal education, and fourteen of the good and, promising students of that session have been prevented by the circumstances of their lot from prosecuting their studies this session. One of the present session has been sent home as not promising.

Add these twenty-one to the one hundred and eleven given above, and you have one hundred and thirty-two as the sum total of the present year.

The college year is divided into two sessions of five months each. The Winter session commences on the first Monday of November and ends on the last Wednesday of March. The Summer session commences on the first Monday of May and ends on the last Wednesday of September.

The Board of Trustees meets statedly at the end of each session.

COURSE OF STUDY.

I. GRAMMAR SCHOOL.—The studies of the Grammar School, preparatory to admission into the Freshman Class, are English, Latin, and Greek Grammar, Mair's Introduction to the making of Latin, Caesar's Commentaries, Cicero's select orations, Virgil's AEneid, Greek Testament, Collectanea Minora, and Arithmetic, including vulgar and decimal fractions, and the extraction of roots.

II. THE FRESHMAN'S CLASS.—First Session.—Algebra, Sallust, six books of Homer's Iliad, Graeca Majora begun, Adam's Roman Antiquities begun, Modern Geography, Prosody revised, English Grammar revised, translations from Greek and Latin into English, Declamation and Bible recitations.

Second Session.—Euclid's Elements, Horace's Odes and Satires, Graeca Majora continued, Roman Antiquities finished, Ancient 'Geography, Morrell's Rome, Neilson's Greek exercises, Double translations, Declamation and Bible recitations.

III. THE SOPHOMORE CLASS STUDY.—First Session. —(Cambridge Mathematics) Plane Trigonometry, Logarithms, Mensuration, Surveying, Horace's Epistles, Graeca Majora continued, Double translations, Morrell's Greece, Declamation and Bible recitations.

Second Session.—(Cambridge Mathematics) Spherical Trigonometry, Navigation, Dialling, Excerpta Latina begun, First volume of Majora finished, Double translations, Declamation and Bible recitations.

IV. THE JUNIOR CLASS STUDY.—First Session. —Conic Sections, Fluxions, Physical and Political Geography with the use of the globes, Excerpta Latina finished, Second volume of Majora begun, Tytler's Elements of History begun, Composition, Declamation and Bible recitations.

Second Session.—Natural and Experimental Philosophy, Virgil's Georgics, Horace de Arte Poetica, Gneca Majora continued, Translation from Greek into Latin and from Latin into Greek, Tytler's Elements finished, Hebrew Grammar, Jamison's Grammar of Rhetoric,. Composition, Declamation and Bible recitations.

V. THE SENIOR CLASS STUDY.—First Session.—Moral Philosophy including the Philosophy of the mind, Astronomy, Chemistry, Graeca Majora finished, Cicero de Ora- tore, Latin and Greek compositions, Hebrew Bible begun, Declamation and Bible recitations.

Second Session.—Logic, Say's Political Economy, Cicero de Officiis et de Natura Deorum, Select portions of Graeca Majora revised, Hebrew Bible continued, Evidences of Divine Revelation, Declamation and Bible recitations.

64 - HISTORY OF BUTLER COUNTY.

VI. ENGLISH SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT.—The studies of the English Scientific Department are substantially the same with the studies of the College Classes, with the exception of the Latin and Greek languages. No person can be admitted into this department who is under sixteen years of age ; and to profit by admission, arrangements ought to be made so that each student may continue .two years at least. It is intended to have some of the modern languages taught in this department, and to give regular diplomas to those who may study the whole course.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES. —A small but well-selected philosophical and chemical apparatus has been imported from London. Additional articles will be procured as the state of the institution may demand ; a small sum is also permanently appropriated to procure regularly, for the use of the faculty, a few of the most important literary journals and any new work which may be of more than ordinary interest in any of the departments of science.

The first commencement will be on the last Wednesday of September next, when the degree of A. B. will be conferred on the members of the present Senior Class.

With the commencement of the third year, on the first Monday of November next, it is proposed to form a regular class of resident graduates. The studies of this class will embrace a course of general reading, adapted to the profession to which the members may be individually devoted, and to a review of any of their former studies to which they may be peculiarly attached.

No degree of A. M., or of any kind, will, in any case, be conferred as a mere matter of course. Particular attainments and a character corresponding to these attainments will, in every case, be required.

EXPENSES.—Tuition in Grammar School and in First Class- E. S. Department, $5 per session ; College proper and Second and Third Classes E. S. Department, $10 per session ; boarding, one dollar per. week.

To those parents and guardians who have thus far encouraged an infant institution, those who have the more immediate direction of its concerns tender their sincere and grateful acknowledgments; and trusting in the continued protection of a wise and good Providence, assurance is hereby given that every possible exertion will be made to make the Miami University, in all its departments, a public and common good.

PROGRESS OF THE UNIVERSITY.

MARCH 30, 1825, William Sparrow was appointed professor of languages, but afterward declined entering upon the duties of his office, and his place was supplied by John T. Williston. The trustees resolved that a grammar school should be attached to the college, and appointed Mr. Williston principal, with a salary of $500.

March 28, 1827, the salaries of the officers were established as follows: President of the university, $1,200; professor of mathematics and natural philosophy, $800 ; professor of languages, $700.

March 28, 1827, James Crawford was appointed treasurer, and James Ratliff collector.

March 26, 1828, it was resolved that a building, one hundred feet in length by forty feet wide, and three stories high, be erected for the university, according to a plan then exhibited, and that Messrs. McBride, Reily, and MacDill be a committee to contract and superintend its erection. •

On the twenty-third day of April they contracted with David Richey to execute the stone and brick-work and plastering of the building, and with William P. Vanhook, of Hamilton, for the carpenter-work.

September 24, 1828, it was resolved that John E. Annan be dismissed as professor.

March 25, 1829, John W. Scott was appointed professor of mathematics and natural philosophy, and William F. Ferguson principal of the grammar school, at a salary of $400.

In September the building committee reported that they had erected a brick building, set on a good stone foundation, one hundred feet long by forty feet wide, and three stories high, each story or floor having two halls and eight rooms, situated directly east from the main building. The whole cost of erecting and completing the building, including cost of materials, was $7,147.46.

In September, 1826, an allowance of $150 per annum was made for teaching the French and Spanish languages.

In November, 1827, Robert C. Schenck, a graduate of the college, and since the general and statesman, commenced teaching French, and continued the regular teacher of that language until September, 1830, when he left the institution.

February 23, 1831, the salary of the principal of the grammar school was raised to $500.

September 26, 1832, the professorship held by Mr. Scott was denominated the professorship of natural philosophy and chemistry, and the professorship held by Mr. McGuffey was called the professorship of philology and mental science, with a salary of $850 each. Samuel M. McCracken was appointed professor of mathematics, and Thomas Armstrong professor of languages, with a salary of $500 each.

In 1833 it was thought necessary that an additional building should be erected for the accommodation of the students of the university, and Major James Galloway, Dr. John C. Dunlevy, and James McBride were appointed a committee to contract for the erection and completion of a building one hundred feet in length by forty feet wide, three stories high, having a passage or hall running north and south through the building, the residue to be

PROGRESS OF THE UNIVERSITY - 65

divided into rooms about ten feet wide. The tuition fees of the students in the college department were raised to twelve dollars per session, and in the grammar school to ten dollars per session.

The building committee, at the next meeting, reported that they had contracted with Thomas Brown, of Dayton, for the stone and brick, and laying the same, and for plastering the building, and with Thomas Morrison, of the same place, for the wood and carpenter work.

October 1, 1835, Samuel W. McCracken was appointed professor of languages, in the room of Thomas Armstrong, deceased, with a salary of $600 per annum, and Albert T. Bledsoe, of Kentucky, professor of languages. A lot of ground, about one acre, was directed to be laid off, in the north-east corner of the town square of Oxford, and appropriated exclusively for a cemetery or burying-ground for the students and other members of the Miami University.

March 30, 1836, Jonathan Mayhew was appointed treasurer.

In September, 1836, the resignations of Professor Albert T. Bledsoe and Professor W. H. McGuffey were received. The salaries of professors were fixed as follows : The professor of rhetoric and mental science, at $1,000; the professor of natural philosophy and chemistry, $1,000 ; the professor of mathematics, -$800 ; and the professor of ancient languages, $800. It was resolved that the college year should commence on the first Monday of October and end on the second Tuesday of August, with a recess from the twenty-fourth of December to the second of January ; the Spring vacation to be three weeks immediately following the second Tuesday in March

September 28, 1836, John H. Harney was appointed professor of mathematics, and Samuel T. Pressley professor of rhetoric and mental science.

December 21, 1836, the Rev. Mr. Pressley having deceased previous to his acceptance of the professorship of rhetoric and mental science, and Mr. Harney having declined to accept his appointment, Silas Totten was chosen professor of rhetoric and mental science.

March 8, 1837, Messrs. McBride and J. W. Scott were appointed a committee to erect a building for a laboratory.

August 10, 1837, the committee for building the laboratory reported that they had made a contract for a building forty-four feet long by twenty-four feet wide, one story high, to be completed by the first of October, 1837, for $1,250.

August 10, 1837, John McArthur was appointed professor of Grecian literature, rhetoric, and the elements of moral science ; Chauncey N. Olds was appointed professor of the Latin language and Roman literature.

August 9, 1838, the salary of the professor of the Latin language and Roman literature was fixed at $700, and the master of the grammar school at $700. Peter Sutton was elected treasurer.

August 8, 1839, the price of tuition in the college proper was fixed at fifteen dollars per session, and in the grammar school at twelve dollars per annum.

August 12, 1840, the resignation of Chauncey N. Olds, professor of the Latin language and Roman literature, and the resignation of Samuel W. McCracken, professor of mathematics and civil engineering, were accepted. The Rev. Robert H. Bishop, president of the Miami University, having signified his intention of retiring from the presidency as soon as a successor to supply his place could be found, the board elected the Rev. John C. Young, then president of Center College, Kentucky, at Danville, president of the Miami Uniyersity. The board created the professorship of history and political economy, and appointed the Rev. Robert H. Bishop to fill that chair, for which he was to receive a salary of $650 per year, and a house and garden free of rent. The following resolution, complimentary to Dr. Bishop, was passed :

"Resolved, That as the unanimous sense of this board, the able, faithful, and unremitting labors of President Bishop in the discharge of his official duties as presiding officer of the Miami University for the last sixteen years, and the untiring exertions upon his part during that time to maintain for the institution the high reputation which has been so laboriously acquired for it throughout that period entitle him to the grateful memory of every friend of learning and moral virtue, as well as the warmest thanks upon the part of the patrons and supporters of this institution."

August 13, 1840, John Armstrong was appointed professor of mathematics and civil engineering, and John McArthur, professor of Grecian literature and rhetoric. The salary of John C. Young, president-elect, should he accept, was fixed at $1,500 per annum.

November 3, 1840, it was resolved that the professorships of Roman- and Grecian literature be united into one professorship, to be called the professorship of ancient languages, and that John McArthur, the present professor of Grecian literature, be appointed to the professorship of that department, with his present salary of $800 per year. Robert H. Bishop, Jr., was appointed principal of the grammar school. It having been ascertained that the Rev. J. C. Young declined accepting the office to which he was elected at the last meeting, the Rev. George Junkin, of Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, was elected president.

March 9, 1841, J. C. Moffat, of Lafayette College, at Easton, Pennsylvania, was appointed professor of the Latin language and Roman literature, with a salary of $700.

August 11, 1841, the Rev. George Junkin was inaugurated president of the Miami University. The salary of the professor of history and political science was fixed at $750.

We have not thought it expedient to continue our extracts from the records, as the period draws closer to

66 - HISTORY OF BUTLER COUNTY.

our times. The earlier decades were those of poverty and adversity, and their record is full of interest and encouragement.

We have received from Dr. Scott, for seventeen years a professor in this institution, the following account of the Miami University while he was connected with it, and of the causes that led to his withdrawal. Dr. Scott wields a caustic pen, and sets forth his own side of the question with a freedom and fullness that leave nothing to be desired on that score. Elsewhere will be found his biography :

"I went to Oxford, by invitation of the board of trustees of Miami Univel-sity, to the professorship of mathematics and natural science, made vacant by the retirement, on account of broken-down health, of Professor Annan, in the Fall of 1828. Every thing there presented, at that time, a rather primitive and rude appearance. The buildings of the town were limited, with but two or three exceptions, to the space 'bounded on the east by the street that forms the west boundary of the college campus ; on the west, by the street running north and south in front of the building erected for a female institute ; on the north, by the street running past the Presbyterian and the United Presbyterian churches ; and on the south, by the street forming the south boundary of the college campus and grove. The campus, which was mainly a naked and open common, in which many of the stumps were still standing, was unprotected by any kind of inclosure, and the grove was still in the primitive state of nature. The plat of land south of the town was principally, except during the Summer and early Fall months, a rich, fat morass, through the eastern end of which, when at all passable, the citizens used to shorten distance by winding their way, among the stumps and fallen timber, to the Hamilton road, at the south-east corner of the corporation line.

" With the exception of the college buildings, which consisted of the great, tall, uncouth old center building and its disproportioned little western wing (whiCh has since been enlarged and improved), and the north-east building, which had just been erected, I. have a recollection of but five or six brick houses in the town. Such was something of the physical appearance and condition of things at that day. In regard to the social condition, the mass of the population was correspondingly primitive. Apart from the college faculty, the cultivation and refinement of Oxford was confined to a very small number of families, not exceeding six or eight at most, and the proportion in the surrounding township was, perhaps, very much the same. The manner in which the farming lands of the township were disposed of was not favorable to its settling up with a first-class farming population; namely, on a mere leasehold title, for which no purchase money was paid, but which was held on the condition of the payment, annually, of the interest of the nominal price, at six per cent forever, as a permanent revenue for the support of the university. There was, at the early day of the first settlement, a strong prejudice in the minds of emigrants of means, who were able to purchase their lands in fee simple, against holding them on the tenure of a mere lease, liable at the end of any year to forfeiture and sale without redemption, in case the rent or tax was not paid within three months after due. The consequence was, they would turn aside and purchase elsewhere, while any poor penniless wight, who could not pay for land outright, found it rather a temptation to take a lease and settle upon it for a few years, and if he could only make out to keep his six per cent of college rent paid up, and was worthless and unprincipled enough to do so, turn in to cutting and slashing away at the timber, and making all he could off of the land, without regard to its residual or ultimate value, as was skid, in certain cases, to have been done; and then if he had any eye to accumulation of means, all he had to do was to forfeit, and leave the land in its denuded and depreciated condition, and go farther West to make the best of his ill-gotten gains. If he did not care to accumulate, but spent as fast as he made, he would continue to remain the same poor, shiftless, penniless creature as before.

" The result was that the township, at the first sales, became largely filled up with a poor, and in too many cases not very honest, population ; indeed, at an early day of the settlement it almost passed into a common saying that if any property was lost in any of the adjoining townships it was but necessary for the loser to obtain a search-warrant and go over into Oxford Township, and he would find it. This was, of course, an exaggerated report, and yet there is reason to apprehend that the character and conduct of too many of the early settlers afforded too much ground for its currency. This state of public feeling and opinion may be illustrated by an amusing anecdote.

" At the inauguration of ,Dr. Bishop as president of the university, the duty of making the inauguration prayer was assigned to the venerable Rev. Mr. Porter, a member of the board. In the course of his prayer—as I was told years after by a very respectable old Scotch-Irish Presbyterian elder, a citizen of the township, who was present on the occasion—the old father made allusion, in some manner or form, to the reputed state of society in the township—praying for a change, by which the college might be surrounded by more favorable influences. My informant told me that the next day he met another old Scotch-Irish friend and neighbor, just over the line in an adjoining township, a rather quizzical genius, who had also been present at the inauguration, who asked him, Did you iver hear sich a foolish prayer as Father Porter made yisterday at Oxford?' Why do you call it foolish?' he answered. Faith,' said he, and I think it was the foolishest prayer I iver hard in me life. Why, he prayed the Lard that he wad move aff all that riff-raff population from Oxford Township, and fill it up wi' a

PROGRESS OF THE UNIVERSITY - 67

good population. He might better have prayed the Lard to convart them on the ground, and save the movin'.'

" In process of time, however, by industry, thrift, and intellectual, moral, and religious culture, Oxford Township nobly redeemed her character ; although, even at as late a day as when I arrived there, an element of the old rude, disorderly, intemperate, and vicious pioneer population, so characteristic of an earlier day, still remained, who would occasionally, of a Saturday afternoon and evening, collect together at a low groggery or two in the village, called (by grace) hotels, to drink and carouse, and to disturb the quiet and orderly citizens by making night hideous' with their noisy and drunken orgies, brawls, and fights. All this state of things, however, at length passed away. But I have, by this episode on the social and physical state of Oxford and Oxford Township, and their inhabitants, been diverted from the main subject ; namely, the early history of the college.

" I went to Oxford, as I have already stated, in the Fall of 1828. The college had then been in existence just four years. True, there had been an academy or classical and high school commenced, as a foundation or incipient step towards the establishment of a college several years previous, in the little old west wing of the main, or, as it was called, the center building. That great tall uncouth edifice was erected, I believe, in 1820-21, but the university was not organized in regular college form until the Fall of 1824, when the Rev. Dr. Bishop was inaugurated as its first president. It commenced operations with a faculty of three,' the doctor as president and professor of all the branches of intellectual, moral and political science ; John E. Annan, 'professor of mathematics and natural science, and William Sparrow, professor of languages.

" In 1826 Professor Sparrow, who seems to have been a very popular and successful professor, resigned, and devoted himself to the Episcopal ministry. He afterwards, if I mistake not, was connected as a professor with a theological seminary at Alexandria, Virginia. His place was supplied by the election of William H. McGuffey, a graduate of Washington College, Pennsylvania, who afterward acquired a considerable celebrity as the compiler of a series of English readers for the Eclectic System of Books for Common Schools.' He was a man of very considerable talent, though not of very general scholarship, especially in the departments of mathematics and natural science ; of active mind and fond of abstract and metaphysical investigation and discussion; an ingenious and plausible, but not always a fair and safe reasoner ; a very popular lecturer and public speaker, from his fluency and command of language, though never rising to the higher and bolder flights of oratory; a man withal of a good deal of personal vanity and ambition.

" In the Summer of 1828 the health of Professor Annan failed to such a degree that he was obliged to retire, and I succeeded to his place. He afterwards recovered his health so far as to enter the Presbyterian ministry, and preach for a year or two to a Church in Petersburg, Virginia, but died while yet a very young man. He was reputed a man of a high grade of natural talent, and of large and general attainments in scholarship for one of his age, and had he lived would have doubtless made his mark in the literary and scientific world ; but on account of real or apparent rigidity and stiffness of manner, he does not seem to have been very popular as a professor.

" During the first four years of its existence the institution seems to have flourished very much in public popularity and patronage, the number of students having risen from a comparatively very small number to very well up towards one hundred. It might be observed that the grade of scholarship for a diploma was set high (the full curriculum was patterned very much after that of Yale); and in its palmiest days, which were from 1830 till near 1840, when its number of students rose some years to near two hundred and fifty, it obtained from its alumni, patrons, and friends, the soubriquet of the Yale of the West.'

" In 1832 the board were encouraged to increase the number of the faculty, by the addition of two new members. My professorship was relieved of the pure mathematics, and a new department of those branches was established, and Samuel W. McCracken, a graduate of the institution of a previous year, was appointed to it. The department of languages was divided into that of Greek, with an appendage of philology and general literature, which Professor McGuffey still retained ; and a professorship of Latin and Latin literature, with the addition of Hebrew, to which Rev. Thomas Armstrong, another graduate of the institution, was appointed. Both the young professors had been among our best scholars, and were men of talent, particularly the latter, who gave much early promise, but died, much lamented, in the Summer of 1835, after less than three years' service, in which he had already made his mark.

" On the decease of Professor Armstrong a change was made by which Professor McCracken was transferred from the mathematical department to that of Latin; and Albert T. Bledsoe, a graduate of West Point Military Academy, was appointed professor of mathematics in his place. Professor Bledsoe was a man of vigorous and, except in the department of ancient languages, well trained and well stored mind. He had an especial talent and penchant for metaphysical study and discussion, and was unusually well read and well posted on such topics, as was manifested in a work which he published in more advanced life, entitled, The Theodicy,' in which he undertook to answer President Edwards's celebrated Treatise on the Will,' and in which, if he does not refute the great and world renowned metaphysician, he shows great skill and resources in matters of abstract in-

68 - HISTORY OF BUTLER COUNTY.

vestigation and reasoning. He is said to have published also another book to defend, or at least palliate, slavery (as I have been told, for I have never seen the book) from the Bible ; although before he went back to his native South, he was very decidedly antislavery in his expressed opinions. Such is sometimes the vacillation and inconsistency of men of great minds. But with all his learning and ability he did not succeed in making himself popular as a professor. His difficulty was in the matter of discipline. Having been educated under the arbitrary rigidity of a military school, he did not seem to realize and appreciate the difference between military discipline and that appropriate to a civil institution.

" I must not forget, nor neglect to mention in this historical sketch, that in this successful period of the institution, somewhere about 1833 or 1834, the board took a first step toward making the institution in reality what it was in name, a university, by establishing a medical department in Cincinnati, under the title of the Miami Medical College. Dr. Daniel Drake, of Cincinnati, a gentleman of considerable celebrity in his day, both in medical science and general literature, having fallen out with his co-professors in the Ohio Medical College, applied to the board to establish in Cincinnati, under their university charter, a medical department, which was granted. Accordingly, with a faculty of his selection, consisting, with himself, of Dr. Mussey (the elder), Drs. Rives, Eberle, Stoughton, and Harrison, some of them very eminent in their profession, such a school was commenced, and carried on for some years with considerable spirit and success. What was its final fate I am not apprised of. My impression is that the doctor, in the course of a few years, disagreed with the faculty of his own selection and left it. Whether the organization finally disbanded, or still continues its existence in some one of the medical schools which Cincinnati contains, I am unable to say.

" In the midst of this prosperity a train of untoward influences began to set in. In the Fall of 1836 Professor McGuffey, who had previously shown signs of restiveness and dissatisfaction, resigned, leaving a month or so before commencement, for the professed purpose of visiting Clinton, Mississippi, with the view to the presidency of a new college (which he said hid been tendered him), about to be established there. But the whole project of such a college proving a failure, he engaged with Professor 0. M. Mitchel, of astronomical celebrity, for a time, in an institution in Cincinnati, under an old charter for a Cincinnati college. Afterwards he was elected to the presidency of the Ohio University' at Athens; but after serving there for three or four years, the institution not flourishing, nor likely to flourish to satisfaction, and his social surroundings not being entirely happy, he resigned in 1845, and accepted a professorship of mental and moral philosophy in the Virginia University, at Charlottesville, where he spent the 'remainder of his life, dying within the last three or four years.

" At the close of the session Professor Bledsoe, who had never seemed entirely satisfied in the institution, followed suit,' as it is said in rather slang phrase, by handing in his resignation. Having taken orders in the Episcopal Church he went South, having originally come from Kentucky. Whether he devoted himself to the work of the Gospel ministry exclusively or immediately, or not, I am unable to say; but my impression is that he still continued in the educational department in some academy or school in one of the Southern Gulf States. He was afterwards elected to a chair (I believe of mathematics) in the University of Virginia, not very far from the same time with the accession of Professor McGuffey. During the rebellion he is said to have been connected with the military department of the confederacy in the capacity of chief of ordnance, I think. I have understood, too, that towards the close of the war, he was sent over to England by the Confederate Government, as one of the commissioners to solicit comfort and aid' in the straits and penury of its latter day. I think also I have heard of his death since the close of the war. The vacancies produced by the resignations of Professors McGuffey and Bledsoe were supplied by the appointment of Samuel S. Galloway and Chauncey N. Olds, both of them graduates of the institution. The institution still continued to move on prosperously till between 1838 and 1840, as the catalogues of the period, of which I left a pretty complete list with Professor Bishop, I think will show.

In 1838, perhaps in 1837, for my memory is not very distinct in regard to minutia during that period of numerous and frequent changes, Professors Galloway and Olds resigned. A Rev. John McArthur, of Cadiz, Ohio, was elected to the professorship of Greek, and I believe, at the same time, a Professor John Armstrong was elected professor of mathematics. Professor McArthur was a man of some eminence as a preacher and as a man of literature. Professor Armstrong was an excellent mathematician of the old style, and a very good and worthy man, but hardly modern enough in manners and mode of instruction to exert a commanding influence among our Young America students. After three or four years he resigned, and was succeeded in the Fall of 1843 (I think) by George A. Westerman, a young gentleman who was highly recommended by Professor 0. M. Mitchel. In the mean time other malign influences had begun to operate, to add to the force and effect of the former in disturbing the quiet and prosperity of the institution—entirely extraneous in their character, and which ought not to have been lugged into the college. These were the antislavery agitation, or, as it was called, the abolition excitement ; and the troubles in the Presbyterian Church, between old and new school parties, which finally, in 1837-8, split the great Presbyterian Church in

PROGRESS OF THE UNIVERSITY - 69

the United States into two distinct branches, which remained separate for thirty years, both of which causes were rife, and in some cases very intense about that time. Each had its faction in the board. The one was determined to exterminate all abolitionism, by which was meant all decided antislavery sentiment from the institution, or as I once heard one of the members of the board, at one of their meetings, with a good deal of bitterness, express it, that no abolitionist or sympathizer with abolition should ever, with his consent, be a professor in the university.' These were the politicians of the board. The other, or as it might be denominated, the ecclesiastical, faction was composed of a very few members, clerical and laical, of one or two of the older branches of the Presbyterian Church, of strong theological prejudices, who were as decided in their opposition to all newschoolism ; and these two factions, as is related of Herod and Pontius Pilate, the Gentiles and the people of Israel,' on a certain memorable occasion, conspired together to effect their particular object.' The other members of the board having no special prejudices or partialities to gratify, in other words no axes to grind,' simply yielded unsuspectingly to their plans and management. This I know from one of these same members himself, who in the result had his eyes opened.

"The storm that was thus brewing was destined first to break upon the head of Dr. Bishop, who had incurred the dissatisfaction and suspicion of both, but particularly of the ecclesiastical faction. The resignation of Professor McCracken seemed to present a favorable opportunity for commencing operations under the pretext of a general reorganization. The plan was—and I am sorry to say that I have reason to believe that there were members of the faculty, as already constituted, who were privy to it— for all the faculty to resign, and then elect a new president on the ground of Dr. Bishop's advanced age, and make whatever disposition of the other departments as might seem to be best. Two of the older members of the board, and strong partisans of the ecclesiastical faction, waited upon me, to inform me that all the other members of the faculty except Dr. Bishop and myself had agreed to tender their resignations; and to ask me to do the same, assuring me that we would all, excepting the doctor, be again immediately re-elected. I replied to their proposition by saying that I had no objection to resigning in case I could see any necessity or just reason for such a course; but if it was merely to make the way easy and quiet for cutting off the head of that noble and venerable old man, the father of the institution, who had by his wise and able management and superintendency, under God, raised it from nothing to what it was in itspalmiest days, and what it still was, although beginning to feel the effects of more troublous times, I would not resign. They might, if they would, cut off my head, and declare my chair vacant, as they had the power, and as I know some of them had the will, as I fell under the same suspicion and ban from both the factions as Dr. Bishop. And this would, I presume, have been done, but matters were not yet matured for such a result, and I was, therefore, reserved for another and future holocaust.

" This scheme of a general, voluntary resignation not succeeding, the managing spirits in the board went about their work in a more direct way. The presidency was made vacant by the removal of Dr. Bishop to a new professorship of history, with (I believe) some adjuncts in the department of moral science, created for the purpose, for they could not face public opinion with a direct and absolute removal. Rev. George Junkin, D. D., president of Lafayette College, Pennsylvania, a man perfectly satisfactory to both the factions in regard, and, indeed, selected with a special view, to their two hobbies, was chosen president. James C. Moffat, a talented and scholarly young professor, from the same institution, since a professor in Princeton College, and at present a highly respected professor in Princeton Theological Seminary, and author of a book on aesthetics and other minor works, was elected professor of Latin.

" Dr. Junkin was a man of ability and scholarship, and a somewhat experienced educator. He had acquired a name and fame as the prosecutor of Rev. Albert Barnes, in the great theological controversy which terminated in the temporary division of the Presbyterian Church into Old and New School ; to which, I presume, he owed his election to the presidency of the university. He was a man who had his hobbies, and was not always the most judicious in introducing, and in discussing and defending, them. One of these was the subject of Scripture prophesies, on which he published quite a celebrated and able work. Professor Bishop will, I presume, recollect his introducing the subject, not very appropriately or in good taste, in his inaugural address, and expatiating, very eloquently and at large, on the great battle of Armageddon, in which the powers of Antichrist are to be finally discomfited and destroyed, which he interpreted in a literal sense. In the fervor and zeal of his declamation he, all at once, broke out into the apostrophe, Where, where will the students of Miami University be on that day? On which side will they be found?' And he will also recollect the amusing caricature cartoon, suggested by the circumstance, which some wag among the students executed and placarded on the chapel door afterward, representing Captain Junkin, with the students, of Miami University, marching to the battle of Armageddon.' Two other of his hobbies were extreme Calvinism, as opposed to Arminianism, and anti-abolitionism, to the extent of the justification and defense of American slavery. Moreover he was a man of such intensities of temperament and dogmatic mold of mind as to render him liable to be embroiled in frequent unpleasant controversy, both public and private, with those of a different opinion from his own. In his very first outset in the college, on one of the evenings of the public exercises preliminary to the

70 - HISTORY OF BUTLER COUNTY.

commencement on which he was to be inaugurated, he unfortunately got into an open quarrel, in the presence of the assembled audience, with the ushers of one of the literary societies, almost threatening a riot. Although on the abstract point of difference and dispute the doctor was right, yet such was the injudiciousness of his course in raising such an issue at such a time, and such the violence of his manner, that it seemed doubtful to some of the members of the board whether it would be best to proceed with the inauguration.

" Indeed, Dr. Junkin did not seem to understand a Western community and the state of things in the college. On these points the men that were especially active and efficient in getting him there, under the influence of their prejudice and distorted views, deceived and did him great disservice by their representation of the state of things, especially in the-college. The consequence was that he went, at their call, honestly and mistakenly, in the spirit, and as he supposed, clothed with the functions, of a great and general reformer. But the doctor had the perspicacity and good sense to find out by his experience his mistake; and had it been in his power to have commenced de novo with the stock of knowledge and experience which he had gained at the end of the first two years of his connection with the college, the result would have been different, both to him and it. But it was too late. The result was, that his presidency did not prove a success, and he felt it. After struggling along for three and a half years against difficulties, and a tide of unpopularity on the part of a considerable portion of the students, and also of the general community, he resigned, and went back to Lafayette, in the Fall of 1844, and thence to Washington College, at Lexington, Virginia, of which he had been elected president, where he served for a number of years, till the

commencement of the Rebellion. At this period he published a masterly work on what he denominated the grand fallacy '—John C. Calhoun's doctrine of States' rights—and redeemed himself nobly in the minds of many in the free States, whom he had formerly greatly dissatisfied by his views and treatment of the subject of slavery; and although his daughters and two of his sons had married Southerners—' Stonewall' Jackson and a Colonel Preston, of Virginia, both- being his sons-in-law— and he had buried his wife, an estimable lady, to whom he was greatly attached, in Lexington, finding he could not control the drift of secessionism in the college, he resigned his presidency, and loyally and indignantly left the State, and came North, shaking off the dust of secession from his feet against it.

"Disappointed in their expectations, and chagrined at the unsuccessful result of their plans, and perhaps more highly exasperated against any members of the faculty whom they suspected of not entirely sympathizing with them in their views, the prime movers of the action by which the presidency was changed, and Dr. Junkin brought there, seem to have come to the determination to make a thorough and short work of it, and eliminate by one fell stroke all unsatisfactory elements from the faculty. Accordingly an adjourned meeting of the board was appointed to be held late in the Fall, away from the seat of the college, at Lebanon. At this meeting the work was done, and the desired reform effected, by the elimination of Dr. Bishop and myself—the doctor, by removing the chair from under him, in the annihilation of his professorship, and me, by removing me from my chair. Professor Watterman was also arbitrarily removed, and an almost entire new organization was effected, leaving only Professor McArthur of the old professors remaining, who was perfectly satisfactory to both the aforesaid factions. This terminated my seventeen and a half years' connection with the institution as a professor. Several years afterward, at the solicitation of Dr. Anderson, in the early part of his presidency, I accepted an appointment as a member of the Board of Trustees, and served several years. Until I left that region I kept myself pretty well posted in regard to matters in general connected with the institution, but my knowledge of them in particular was too second-hand and limited to render me a fit chronicler of its later minute history."

As will be seen by the preceding sketch, the path of the leaders of the university was not free from difficulties. The slavery question had become important ; but there were many difficulties connected with it which are not now to be perceived. Dr. Junkin sided with the majority of the electors in this county, and Dr. Bishop and Profe.ssor Scott were in the minority. The other question was that of denominational allegiance. The Presbyterians were just then passing through a division on points which now seem very trivial; but which were not then so regarded. But the university, which was to a great extent under their control, was a State institution, and those who belonged to other sects objected to the views which were there taught. Dr. Junkin became involved in a warm contest with the Rev. Thomas E. Thomas, of Rossville, in which the slavery question and the Presbyterian question were prominent. Dr. Junkin made a good defense to the charges against him, but the dissatisfaction continued.

He was succeeded in 1844 by the Rev. E. D. McMaster, D. D., who held the office until 1849, then resigning, having Rev. W. C. Anderson, D. D., as his successor. Dr. Anderson acted as president until 1854, when the Rev. J. W. Hall, D. D., was called to the presidency by the unanimous voice of the Board of Trustees. Dr. Hall presided over the university for twelve years, resigning in 1866. His administration was successful, and when he left there was twelve thousand dollars in the treasury. The Rev. R. L. Stanton, D. D., succeeded him, and resigned in 1871; and after an interval of one year Rev. A. D. Hepburn was chosen president, holding that position until the suspension of the institution in 1873.

PROGRESS OF THE UNIVERSITY - 71

The university derives its revenue from the leasing of the lands of the college township, which are leased for ninety-nine years, renewable forever without revaluation, subject to an annual quit-rent of six per cent on the purchase money. This rent yields an income of nearly six thousand dollars.

An act of the Legislature, passed in February, 1809, directed that the lands should be " offered at auction for not less than two dollars per acre," and " the lessees shall pay six per cent per annum on the amount of their purchase." The first sale was held in Hamilton on the " fourth Tuesday in May," 1810. The lessees did not have originally the right to subdivide their lines; but by an act passed March 22, 1837, they were permitted to do so, the original quit-rent being apportioned pro rata. This was found to work injury to the university, and in March, 1862, the State repealed so much of the act of 1837 as allowed the pro rata division of the quit-rent, and enacted that in all cases of subdivision there should be an increase of the quit-rent, and that no subdivision should be allowed except on the payment of one dollar per annum. Under this premium the income is slowly increasing.

The university has never been aided directly by the State, only indirectly, in that the lands are exempt from State taxes—the quit-rent to the university being reckoned an equivalent. The corporation received the lands in a state of nature, and from these lands and from tuition fees all the money was raised which has been expended in buildings, apparatus, salaries, etc. The buildings, apparatus and library cost upward of $100,000.

From 1824, when the college was opened in the woods, till 1873, when it was temporarily suspended, nearly one thousand young men were graduated, and more than that number received a large part of their education in Miami University. These men have exercised no little influence in giving character and tone to the great West, and not to the West alone, but in other parts of our land, and in other lands, their influence has been felt for good. A gentleman who had had opportunity to know whereof he affirmed, and was competent to give a just decision, remarked, on a public occasion, that in proportion to numbers Miami University had sent forth more useful men than any other college in our land.

Owing to various causes there had been a gradual decline in the number of students since 1860; considerable money had been spent in the repair of the buildings, and a debt of near $10,000 had been incurred. Under these circumstances, the trustees concluded, in July, 1873, that it would be proper and wise " to suspend instruction in the university," for a time.

Since 1873 the debt has been paid in full, and a surplus of $30,000 has been securely invested at eight per cent; and it is hoped that within two years the university will be again opened for the instruction of pupils in all thee branches that pertain to a liberal education.

The university was not behind her sisters, or behind the remainder of the county of Butler, in the men she sent to the army. They form a noble army, and are to be found on every battle-field in the West and many in the East. They are as follows:

THE ROLL OF HONOR.

Adams, Robert N., Brigadier-general.

Ayers, Stephen C., B 20th Ohio.

Anderson, Charles, Colonel, 93d Ohio.

Andrew, George L., Sanitary Inspector.

Andrew, John W., Lieutenant, E 20th Indiana.

Aten, Aaron M., Lieutenant.

Bellingham, Daniel, A 86th Ohio.

Brown, James L., A 60th; K 86th ; A 167th Ohio.

Brooks, Robert F., Surgeon.

Barrows, Charles C., C 93d Ohio.

Beaton, William M., I 167th Ohio.

Beaton, Daniel P., A 86th; 1st Sergeant, M 2d O. V.

C. Brooks, Frank D., A 167th Ohio.

Brooks, John K., A 167th Ohio.

Brooks, Theodore D., Assistant Surgeon, 38th Ohio.

Brooks, Peter, A 167th Ohio.

Brown, Henry L., A 167th Ohio.

Bennett, Robert N., B 20th Ohio.

Billings, John S., Surgeon.

Boude, J. Knox, Surgeon, 118th Illinois.

Boude, Edgar A., 2d Lieutenant, 7th Missouri Cavalry.

Burrowes, Stephen A., B 146th Ohio.

Brice, Calvin S., Captain, 185th Ohio.

Beckett, David C., Major, 61st Ohio.

Brown, Charles E., Major, 65th Ohio.

Bishop, William W., Major, Illinois Cavalry.

Bishop, George S., A. 167th Ohio.

Bishop, Robert H., Jr., A 86th ; A 167th Ohio.

Bartlett, Thomas B., F 167th Ohio.

Britton, Orson.

Bell, Thomas C., Captain.

Chamberlain, William H., Major, 81st Ohio.

Chamberlain, John R., Lieutenant, C 81st Ohio.

Cartwright, Noah, E 15th Kentucky ; Lieutenant-colonel.

Clopper, Edward N., 1st Lieutenant, K 83d Ohio.

Clark, J. Harvey, I 167th Ohio.

Chidlaw, Benjamin W., Chaplain, 39th Ohio.

Clough, James F., F 69th Ohio.

Childs, James H., Acting Brigadier-general, Penn. Vols.

Dennison, William, Governor of Ohio.

Dennis, Charles, Captain, 47th Ohio.

Davis, Benjamin F., A 86th; M 2d Ohio Cavalry.

Douglas, William C., A 86th ; K 86th ; A 167th Ohio.

Druly, Thaddeus C., A 86th Ohio; 9th Indiana Cavalry.

Davies, Samuel W.

Dunn, N. Palmer, Capt., 29th Ind., killed at Chickamauga.

Dodds, Ozro J., Lieutenant-colonel, Alabama Cay., U. S. Vols.

Davies, J. Pierce, 2d Lieutenant, 3d Maryland Cavalry.

Denise, Charles E., 4th Sergeant, 146th Ohio.

Dudley, Adolphus S., Chaplain, 146th Ohio.

Dickey, Theophilus L.

Danner, Samuel S., K 37th Ind.; 1st Lieut., A 12th U. S. C. T.

Davidson, John M., F 167th Ohio.

Evans, Frank, Major, 81st Ohio.

Evans, William H., B 20th Ohio.

Evans, Owen D., B 20th Ohio; A 69th Indiana.

Ellis, A. Nelson, Captain.

72 - HISTORY OF BUTLER COUNTY.

Elliott, James H., 3d Corporal, H 156th Ohio.

Farr, William L., A 86th ; A 167th Ohio.

Ferguson, William M., A 86th ; A 167th Ohio.

Ferguson, James S., Assistant Surgeon, 167th Ohio.

Fullerton, Thomas A., Chaplain.

Fullerton, Hugh S., 1st Lieutenant, C 1st Ohio H. Artillery.

Fullerton, Erskine B., 1st Lieutenant, K 86th Ohio.

Fullerton, George H., Chaplain, 1st Ohio.

Fullerton, Joseph S., Brigadier-general.

Fithian, Washington, Surgeon, 14th Kentucky Cavalry.

Fithian, Joseph, Surgeon.

Falconer, Jerome, 2d Sergeant, C 93d Ohio.

Falconer, John W., Captain A 41st U. S. C. T.

Galloway, Henry P., 0. N. G., 100 days' service.

Galloway, Albert, Captain, E 12th Ohio.

Gath, Sampson, D 47th Ohio.

Graham, Mitchel M., A 86th; K 86th Ohio.

Graham, Harvey W., A 167th Ohio.

Graham, Frank, I 167th Ohio.

Guy, William E., Sergeant, A 86th Ohio.

Gill, Heber, A 167th Ohio.

Goodwin, R. J. M., Colonel, 37th Indiana.

Galbraith, Robert C., Chaplain.

Groesbeck, John, Colonel, 39th Ohio.

Gregg, John C., I 167th Ohio.

Galloway, Samuel, Commissioner, Camp Chase.

Hollingsworth, William R., B 39th Ohio.

Huston, R. L. M., A 167th Ohio.

Hart, J. H., Lieutenant-colonel, 71st Ohio.

Hazeltine, James F., A 86th; Lieutenant, 127th Ohio.

Howell, Benjamin R., B 20th ; Captain, F 81st Ohio.

Howell, John, Captain, Battery A Bailey's Light Artillery.

Hair, James A., B 20th Ohio.

Harris, Joseph, Sergeant, E 75th Ohio.

'Harris, A. L., Captain, C 20th; Colonel, 75th Ohio.

Hunt, John R., 1st Lieutenant, 81st Ohio.

Hughes, Melancthon, 1st Sergeant, K 40th Ohio.

Harrison, Benjamin, Brigadier-general.

Haynes, Moses H., Surgeon, 167th Ohio.

Hudson, R. N.

Howard, William Crane.

Hiatt, J. Milton, Surgeon.

Harrison, Carter B., B 20th; 52d Ohio.

Hamilton, William, I 167th Ohio.

Hor, Versalius, Colonel, 26th Ohio.

Hibben, Samuel.

Judy, George.

Jordan, W. Jones.

Jones, Abner F.

Keely, George W., A 167th Ohio.

Kumler, W. Festus, A 167th Ohio.

Kleinschmidt, Edward H., A 86th; K 86th Ohio.

Keil, Lewis D., 1st Lieutenant, H 167th Ohio.

Lyons, Charles C., Navy, Master's Mate.

Lyons, James D., A 86th ; A 167th Ohio.

Lyons, Robert L., A 167th Ohio.

Lewis, John C., Captain, F 167th Ohio.

Lewis, Telemachus C., B 12th Ohio; 36th Indiana.

Lough, James M., B 20th ; A 86th Inf., Lieut., 2d 0. V. C.

Lowes, Abram B., Captain, F 18th Indiana.

Leake, J. Bloomfield.

Lowrie, James A.

Lowe, William B., Captain, 10th U. S. Infantry.

Langdon, E. Bassatt, Colonel.

Lowe, John G., Colonel, 0. N. G.

McFarland, Prof. R. W., Lieutenant-colonel, 86th Ohio.

McCormick, John H., 1st, G 67th Indiana, Major.

McMillen, A. J., Chaplain, 14th Kentucky.

McKee, Samuel, Colonel, 14th Kentucky.

McCracken, S. M., D 47th Ohio.

McCullough, Robert N., A 86th Infantry ; M 2d Ohio Cav.

McClung, Orville L., F 69th Ohio.

McClure, William C., A 86th; K 86th Ohio

McCracken, John C., A 167th Ohio.

McClung, David W., Captain.

McClung, William C., A 167th Ohio.

McDill, John B., Surgeon, 63d Ohio.

McLandburg, Henry J., B 26th Ohio ; Captain, 17th U. S. I.

McClung, Alexander C., Captain, 88th Illinois.

McClenehan, John, Lieutenant-colonel, 15th Ohio.

McArthur, James R., Captain, 6th Illinois Cavalry.

Marshall, Thomas B., 1st Sergeant, K 83d Ohio.

Morton, Oliver P., Governor of Indiana; U. S. Senator.

Miller, Benjamin F., F 3d; Lieutenant, C 35th Ohio.

Murray, 0. H., F 3d; Captain, I.5th Ohio Cavalry.

Miller, Frank E., 66th U. S. C. T.

Millikin, Minor, Col., 1st Ohio Cavalry ; fell at Stone River.

Moody, Stilman.

Martindell, James K. P., A 86th; Sergeant, I 167th Ohio.

Morris, Aaron H., K 86th ; I 167th Ohio.

Morrow, Jeremiah, A 86th Ohio ; Porter's Fleet.

Mayo, Archibald, B 20th Ohio.

Mayo, John W., B 20th Ohio.

Mitchell, Claud. N., A 86th ; 1st Sergeant, K 86th Ohio.

Morey, Henry Lee, Captain, 75th Ohio.

Moore, Thomas, Colonel, 167th Ohio.

Naylor, James M., Sergeant, I 81st Ohio.

Owens, Jas. W., B 20th ; Lieut., A 86th; Capt., K 86th Ohio.

Oldfather, Jeremiah M., H 93d Ohio.

Olds, William W., Captain, 46th Ohio ; fell at Port Gibson.

Peck, George B., Assistant Surgeon.

Peck, Morris, A 86th Ohio.

Peck, Hiram D., A 86th Ohio.

Porter, Wm. L., Major, staff of Gens. Rosecrans and Thomas.

Patterson, John H., A 131st Ohio.

Parshall, J. M., 146th Ohio.

Parrish, 0. V., A 167th Ohio.

Platter, Cornelius C., D 81st Ohio; Capt., Gen. Hazen's staff. Rees,

Clayton S., Sergeant, A 86th Ohio.

Iowan, Alexander H., A 86th Ohio.

Rabb, George J., A 86th Ohio.

Ryan, Michael C., Colonel, 50th Ohio.

Reid, J. Whitelaw, Captain.

Rankin, William, K 37th Indiana.

Runkle, Benjamin P., Colonel, 45th U. S. Infantry.

Rodgers, Andrew W., Colonel, 81st Illinois.

Rodgers, J. Harrison, Surgeon.

Roberts, George W., B 20th Ohio.

Schenck, Robert C., Major-general Volunteers ; M. C. Smith,

Samuel M., Surgeon-general State of Ohio.

Scoby, John S., A 68th Indiana ; Colonel.

Strong, Hiram, Colonel, 93d Ohio.

Scott, John N., Major, 79th Indiana; U. S. Paymaster.

Smith, Joseph C., E 5th Ohio Cavalry ; Major.

Sadler, William K., Surgeon, 19th Kentucky.

Smith, John B., Chaplain, 19th Vet. Vol. and 69th Ohio.

Swan, Benjamin C., Chaplain, 151st Illinois.

Snow, David B., 2d Sergeant, K 83d Ohio.

Scriver, Edison M., A 114th Ohio.

Smith, Palmer W., A 167th Ohio.

PROGRESS OF THE UNIVERSITY - 73

Smith, Josiah, C 93d Ohio.

Smith, Ransford, B 35th Ohio ; Capt. on staff of Gen. McCook.

Smith, William H., Jr., U. S. Navy.

Sheely, Virgil G., A 86th Ohio.

Shuey, William H., A 86th Ohio.

Shuey, Alfred M., A 167th Ohio.

Secrist, John H., A 86th, K 86th Ohio ; Lieut., Ind. Vol.; fell at Nashville.

Shepherd, John H., B 20th Ohio.

Stewart, James E., Captain, A 167th Ohio.

Sheppard, Samuel C., 4th Cavalry ; A 167th Ohio.

Schenck, John S., A 86th Ohio.

Sloan, William G., B 20th; D 47th Ohio,

Simpson, George W., D 47th Ohio.

Steele, John W., E 15th, A 60th; 1st Sergeant, K 88th Ohio.

Spence, Colin, Assistant Surgeon, 89th Ohio.

Scott, Henry, Capt., Brevet-major, 70th Indiana, 3d div. A. C.

Stokes, H. M., B 146th Ohio.

Schenck, Robert C., Jr., B 146th Ohio.

Skinner, Charles M., K 157th Ohio.

Stemble, Roger N., Captain Gunboat, U. S. Navy.

Thomas, Webster, Captain, E 47th Ohio.

Thomas, Walter S., Miss. Squadron, Acting Master's Mate.

Taylor, Edward L., Captain, D 95th Ohio.

Taylor, Henry C., A 86th Ohio.

Thurston, Gates P., Major U. S. Volunteers.

Thurston, Dickinson P., Captain.

Todd, David W., Lieut., H 86th; Lieut. Col., 134th Ohio.

Tuttle, Joel, Lieutenant, 7th Iowa.

Woodruff, Thomas J., A 86th ; I 167th Ohio.

Warren, Charles, Surgeon.

Wright, John M., A 86th Ohio ; 135th Indiana.

Wright, Irwin B., B 20th Ohio ; Lieutenant, 1lth U. S. I.

Whiteside, John A., B 86th Ohio.

Wilson, Joseph M., B 20th; C 81st Ohio.

Williams, Edward P., Captain, 100th Indiana.

Ward, J. Durbin, Brigadier-general Volunteers.

Woods, John, Chaplain, 35th Ohio.

Walton, Allen M., Assistant Surgeon, 86th Indiana.

Williams, Henry.

Wright, Edward M.

Woodhull, Max. V. Z., Colonel on Staff.

Whitaker, James S., Assistant Surgeon.

Welty, Philip H., 1st Lieutenant, I 167th Ohio.

Yates, Richard, Governor of Illinois.

Yaryan, J. Lee, Captain, General Wood's staff.

Zeller, Jacob A., A 167th Ohio.

The university is situated in the eastern part of the mile square appropriated for the town of Oxford. The situation is elevated, descending by a graded slope from the college building in all directions, except on the west, next to the town, with which it is on a level. The edifices at present erected for the use of the college are three. They consist of the main building, which is sixty feet front and eighty-six feet deep and three stories high, fronting the south and north. The fronts are finished with pediments, having a venetian door in the south front, with venetian windows in the stories above. The stories are over eighteen feet high in the clear. A hall or passage, thirteen feet wide in the clear, runs from east to west through the building, and a passage twelve feet wide runs from the south front door to the middle hall. The north part of the lower story of the building is undivided, and was fitted up for a chapel. It is now used as a chemical room and as a museum. The rest of the building is divided into spacious rooms. The chapel is on the second floor in the new wing. Adjoining on the west was the old building first erected, forming part of a wing. There is now a new and large wing here, erected in 1868. The design of the whole, according to the plan, when completed, is to have wings of eighty feet in length on the east and west of the main building, which makes the whole two hundred and twenty feet in length. The center hall or passage is designed to extend from east to west the whole length of the wings, which are to be subdivided into rooms for the accommodation of students.

In 1829 another building was completed for the purposes of the institution. It stands east of the main building and distant about two hundred feet therefrom. The intention was that fire might not be communicated from one building to the other. It was called the north-east building, and is one hundred feet in length by forty feet wide and three stories high. It is divided by two halls running from east to west through the building, and divided into rooms for study and lodging rooms for the students.

In 1836 another edifice was erected and completed, called the southeast building. It is situated south and on a line with the building last mentioned. It is one hundred feet long, forty feet wide and three stories high. There is a hall running from the north to the south through the whole length of the building, and the building is divided into rooms of a suitable size for the accommodation of students. These buildings are all substantially built of brick and well calculated for the purposes which they are intended. There is also a brick building south-west of the main building erected for the purposes of a laboratory.

The college square is beautiful. About twenty acres of the eastern part of the college grounds yet remain in a state of nature. It is a delightful grove, shaded by the native growth, covered with a grassy carpeting, and is neatly cleared of all that would disfigure its beauty. In this grove, when the weather was pleasant, were held the commencement exercises, and for the students it afforded a delightful promenade for recreation as well as retirement. The cupola on the top of the main college building is elevated one hundred feet above the ground, from which is presented a beautiful and picturesque view of the surrounding country. Near at hand can be distinctly traced the course of Four-mile Creek, a limpid stream which meanders its serpentine course around the base of the hill and through the valley, along which can distinctly be traced the gentle elevations of the hills for a long distance either way.

Looking around the eye surveys a large extent of beautiful country dotted with its fields and farm houses, and as the view widens the largest of those seem in the distance mere garden spots and inconsiderable specks upon the landscape. Looking to the east, the eye, extending

74 - HISTORY OF BUTLER COUNTY.

its view, takes in its farthest range the hills •along the great Miami River, whose woodland summits present to the observer a blue streak, delicately tinged and apparently elevated but a few inches above the intervening landscape as they grow dimmer and still more dim, until they fade entirely in the extent.

The libraries belonging to the literary societies were united with the college library, and placed in one room. It comprises about ten thousand volumes, in almost every variety of literature and science, both ancient and modern. Some of the books are old and very rare and curious. It contains all the principal standard works, and, particularly, the circle of history is very complete. A fund was appropriated by the trustees for the annual increase of the library, which was open to the students, under certain regulations. It has received of late a large number of documents.

In the year 1825 the Board of Trustees caused to be purchased in London a philosophical apparatus which cost about one thousand dollars, which was deposited in the college, since which time various appropriations have, from time to time, been made for the purpose of purchasing additional chemical, mathematical, and philosophical apparatus.

In the year 1848 the trustees purchased from David Christy a geological cabinet, for which they paid $2,222. These specimens, added to a small collection before possessed by the college, were scientifically arranged, and inclosed in glass cases, in a very tasteful manner, which afford the means of a very complete exhibition of the subjects of geology and mineralogy. They have lately been arranged, and large additions made to them by Professor Osborn.

Literary societies have been formed and organized, belonging to the Miami University. The Erodelphian Society was organized in September, 1825, having for its professed object the cultivation of science, eloquence, and friendship. The members were all students of Miami University.

They occupied a large room in the third story of the main college building, exclusively for their own use, where they held their meetings. The room was fitted up in handsome style, and kept at all times neat and clean. The floor was covered with a carpet. On the east was an elevated stand, for the presiding officer of the meetings, and tables and desks for the secretaries. On the opposite side of the room was formerly their library, tastefully arranged on shelves, surmounted by a handsome cornice, and supported by Corinthian columns. The whole was arranged in a style of neatness and elegance rarely surpassed. The members of the society met regularly once every week during the college session, and spent from three to five hours in the investigation of subjects which have a bearing on the business of active life.

The Erodelphian Society of Miami University was incorporated by an act passed by the Legislature of the State of Ohio, on the third day of February, 1831. The society holds its anniversary on the day preceding the annual commencement of the college, at which time an address is delivered by some individual of distinguished talents, who had previously been invited by the society.

The Miami Union Literary Society had objects similar to that of the Erodelphian Society, and was, in like manner, composed of membersswho were students in the Miami University. They had also a room in the third story of the main college building, fitted up with the same care and neatness as that of the other society. Over the chairman's stand was a portrait, presenting a good likeness, of the Rev. Robert H. Bishop, president of the university. The library which belonged to the society has been united with the college library. They had cases in their room containing a valuable cabinet of minerals, geological specimens, and natural curiosities.

The society was originally known as the Union Literary Society, but another society sprang up, which maintained an existence for several years. As the university, however, was not large enough to support three societies, the Union and the Miami finally consolidated under the name of Miami Union.

The last meeting of the trustees of the Miami University was held on the 15th of June, 1881, with the president, John W. Herron, in the chair. The members present were : William Beckett, Hamilton ; Colonel John G. Lowe, Dayton ; David W. McClung, Nelson Sayler, John B. Peaslee, Rev. B. W. Chidlaw, Samuel F. Hunt, H. W. Hughes, Cincinnati ; John M. Millikin, James E. Neal, Hamilton ; J. McLain Smith, Dayton ; Dr. G. W. Keely, L. N. Bonham, Oxford.

Professor R. H. Bishop, secretary, was re-elected, as were S. C. Richey treasurer, and P. D. Matson collector. The treasurer made the following report:

Amount invested at 8 per cent, . . . . . . . . . . . . $24,950 00

Received for rent on lands, . . . . . $5,838 22

Received for interest on loans, . . . 1,656 50

Received for loans refunded, . . . . . 1,055 00

Received for various other goods, . . .872 75

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9,382 27

Cash in treasury June, 1880. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,353 37

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10,755 64

Paid out to Finance Committee, . . $1,000 00

Paid out for incidentals, . . . . . . . . . 2,529 07

Cash in treasury June 15, 1881, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,206 57

The following distinguished persons are graduates of Miami University:

GOVERNORS.

J. J. McRae, class of 1834, Alabama.

William Dennison, 1835, Ohio.

R. P. Lowe, 1829, Iowa.

Charles Anderson, 1833, Ohio.

PRESIDENTS OF COLLEGES.

W. F. Ferguson, class of 1828, Macon College, Illinois.

Freeman G. Cary, 1831, Farmers' College, Ohio.

PROGRESS OF THE UNIVERSITY - 75

T. E. Thomas, 1834, South Hanover College, Indiana.

D. A. Wallace, 1846, Montnouth College, Illinois.

Samuel S. Laws, 1845, University of Missouri.

PROFESSORS IN COLLEGES.

J. P. Pressly, class of 1826, Erskine College, South Carolina.

J. H. Harvey, 1827, Indiana University.

G. B. Bishop, 1828, Hanover Theological Seminary, Indiana.

J. A. Matson, 1828, Asbury University.

J. I. Morrison, 1828, Indiana University.

T. Armstrong, 1830, Miami University.

E. N. Elliott, 1830, Planters' College, Port Gibson, Mississippi.

R. H. Bishop, 1831, Miami University.

S. W. McCracken, 1831, Miami University.

Samuel Galloway, 1833, South Hanover College, Indiana.

J. M. Stone, 1834, Hanover College and University of Iowa.

C. N. Olds, 1836, Miami University.

S. M. Smith, 1836, Darling Medical Institute.

C. L. Telford, 1836, Cincinnati College.

E. B. Stevens, 1843, Medical College, Cincinnati.

T. D. Morrison, 1846, Monmouth College, Illinois.

J. C. Hutchison, 1856, Monmouth College, Illinois. J.

A. P. McGaw, 1856, Monmouth College, Illinois.

David Steele, 1857, Reformed Presbyterian Seminary, Philadelphia.

R. C. Smith, 1837, Oglethorpe.

J. M. Young, 1837, Erskine College, South Carolina.

John Thompson, 1826, Wabash College, Indiana.

C. W. Gerard, 1868, Farmers' College, Ohio.

Among the graduates of this renowned institution are also the following eminent persons:

Robert C. Schenck, of Franklin, Ohio, class of 1827, lawyer, Member of Congress, general in the Union army, minister to court of St. James; still living.

William M. Thompson, 1828, preacher, missionary to Palestine, author of "The Land and Book;" still living.

Samuel W. Parker, 1828, distinguished lawyer, of Connersville, Indiana; deceased.

William N. McClain, preacher, secretary American Colonization Society, Washington, D. C.; deceased.

William S. Groesbeck, lawyer and statesman, counsel for Andrew Johnson in his impeachment trial.

James J. Faran, editor and proprietor of Cincinnati Enquirer.

Samuel F. Cary, temperance lecturer, candidate for Vice- president on Greenback ticket in 1876.

Joseph G. Monfort, president of Glendale Female College, and editor of Cincinnati Herald and Presbyter.

Benjamin W. Chidlaw, minister, general agent American Sunday-school Union.

Samuel Shellabarger, lawyer, Member of Congress, United States minister to Portugal, judge in Court of Claims, Washington, D. C.

Benjamin Harrison, United States Senator.

George Junkin, Junior, of Philadelphia, a distinguished lawyer.

Milton Sayler, Member of Congress.

David Swing, minister, Chicago.

John W. Herron, lawyer, Cincinnati, president Board of Trustees Miami University.

Whitelaw Reid, editor of New York Tribune.

James H. Brooks, Presbyterian minister, St. Louis.

Rev. J. P. E. Kumler, Presbyterian minister, Cincinnati.

Dr. John S. Billings, assistant United States surgeon, Washington, D. C.

George E. Pugh, lawyer, United States Senator; deceased.

William B. Caldwell, lawyer, judge Supreme Court of Ohio ; deceased.

William M. Corry, lawyer, Cincinnati; deceased.

Governor Morton, of Indiana, and Governor Yates, of Illinois, also were in the university, but did not graduate. With Dennison of Ohio, these were the war governors of three of the Northern States.

The following students, from Butler County, have graduated from Miami University since its organization :

* John McMechan, M. D., Darrtown.

* George B. Bishop, professor of Oriental languages and Biblical literature, Theological Seminary, Hanover, Indiana.

* James Reily, minister from Texas to United States, Houston.

Robert P. Brown, lawyer, Dayton.

Robert H. Bishop, professor of Latin, Miami University.

* Marcus H. Brigham, lawyer.

William R. Cochran, ex-probate-judge of Butler County.

Ebenezer B. Bishop, professor at Trenton, Tennessee. Lyman Harding, superintendent public schools, at Cincinnati.

* William C. Woods, lawyer, Hamilton.

* Thomas E. Thomas, minister in Presbyterian Church.

* William C. Caldwell, judge, Supreme Court of Ohio.

Lucius A. Brigham, lawyer.

Oliver S. Witherby, lawyer, San Diego, California.

Alfred Thomas, lawyer and clerk, Washington, D. C.

John M. Graham, minister, Monmouth, Illinois.

Thomas Millikin, lawyer, at Hamilton.

James W. Parks, lawyer, St. Charles, Missouri.

William P. Parks, minister, St. Louis, Missouri.

* Francis D. Rigdon, physician, at Hamilton.

* Rufus K. Harris, Washington, D. C.

John Riley Knox, lawyer, Greenville.

Robert H. Parks, lawyer, St. Charles, Missouri.

* Michael C. Ryan, ex-clerk Common Pleas of Butler County.

L. Orestes Smith, teacher, Louisiana.

S. Taylor Marshall, lawyer, Keokuk, Iowa.

* Robert W. Wilson, minister, Bloomington, Indiana.

William P. Young, lawyer, Hamilton.

George L. Andrew, physician, Laporte, Indiana.

John M. Bishop, minister, Bloomington.

John M. Junkin, physician, Mercer County, Pennsylvania.

James Long, teacher, Monmouth, Illinois.

James A. I. Lowes, professor in Miami University.

John Ogle, lawyer, Fayette, Mississippi.

R. L. Yates Peyton, lawyer, Harrisonville, Missouri.

Benjamin Corey, physician, San Jose, California.

Thomas Craven, minister, College Hill, Indiana.

George Junkin, lawyer, Philadelphia.

* Daniel McCleary, lawyer, Hamilton.

* James E. Tiffany, minister, Oxford.

David S. Anderson, minister, Delta.

John S. Hittle, California.

William Beckett, manufacturer, Hamilton.

* Robert K. Long, physician, Americus, Indiana.

* Spencer C. Lyons, Oxford.

William Shotwell, lawyer, Hamilton.

Washington Fithian, physician, Paris, Kentucky.

Jacob W. Ogle, farmer, Terre Haute, Indiana.

[Those marked with an asterisk (*) are deceased.]

76 - HISTORY OF BUTLER COUNTY.

Henry Taylor, merchant, Lafayette, Indiana.

William Christy, editor, Jacksonville, Florida.

Robert Christy, lawyer, Washington, D. C.

William J. Mollyneaux, lawyer, Charleston, South Carolina.

James Corry, physician, Santa Clara, California.

James R. McArthur, teacher, Montezuma, Indiana.

James N. Swan, minister, Glasgow.

* John J. Tiffany, minister, Urbana.

Charles Waterman, Lebanon.

Andrew M. Brooks, superintendent public schools, Springfield, Illinois

Abner S. Lathrop, lawyer, Brazoria, Texas.

* Matthew Hueston, lawyer, deputy treasurer of Butler County.

John W. Lindley.

John M. Trembly, physician, farmer, and mathematician.

Samuel B. Matthews, lawyer, Cincinnati.

J. Knox Boude, physician, Carthage, Illinois.

* Isaac S. Lane, lawyer, Memphis, Tennessee.

Lewis W. Ross, lawyer, Council Bluffs, Iowa.

J. Alexander Anderson, minister, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

P. Corey Conklin, lawyer, Hamilton.

Jeremiah P. E. Kumler, minister, Cincinnati.

Stephen Crane, lawyer, Hamilton.

George A. Howard.

David W. McClung, collector of customs, Cincinnati.

Frederick Maltby, farmer, St. Paul, Minnesota.

* Minor Millikin, colonel, First Ohio Cavalry.

* Isaac Anderson, farmer; Venice.

Andrew J. Corey, physician, California.

Ransford Smith, lawyer, Cincinnati.

Henry J. Lathrop, Chicago, Illinois.

Benjamin F. Miller, lawyer, Hamilton.

Jacob A. Zeller, superintendent public schools, Evansville, Indiana.

John S. Billings, assistant-surgeon, United States Army, Washington, D. C.

James P. Caldwell, teacher, Memphis, Tennessee.

James Ferguson, physician, Camden, Ohio.

Benjamin F. Thomas, probate judge, Hamilton.

* Joel Tuttle, lawyer, Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Robert F. Brooks, surgeon, United States Navy.

Edward A. Guy, Cincinnati.

Abner F. Jones, minister.

* George M. Lytle, Oxford.

* Charles B. Magill, minister.

J. Barnes Patterson, minister, Elizabeth, New Jersey.

Frank H. Scobey, editor, Hamilton.

John B. Smith, president Farmers' College, College Hill.

W. Mark Williams, minister in China.

Joseph Millikin, professor in Ohio Agricultural College, Columbus, Ohio.

John K. Brooks, Carthage, Missouri.

Palmer W. Smith, lawyer, Oxford.

Thomas J. Woodruff, farmer, Oxford.

Heber Gill, Reading.

George W. McCracken, Oxford.

* C. C. Holbrook, Oxford.

George S. Bishop, lawyer, Jewell, Kansas.

Henry H. Farr, Oxford.

R. M. L. Huston, physician, Oxford.

* John N. Wyman, lawyer, Topeka, Kansas.

B. F. Davis, teacher, Hamilton, Ohio.

W. DeCamp Hancock, physician, Millville.

James W. Moore, lawyer, Hamilton.

James C. Oliver, Santa Barbara, California.

W. H. Talbert, Venice.

Nehemiah Wade, Jr., farmer, Venice.

Edward N. Evans, United States collector.

* Harvey Lee, lawyer, Indianapolis.

James M. McFarland, Topeka, Kansas.

Joseph McMakin, reporter Cincinnati Enquirer, Hamilton.

W. V. Shafer, physician, Hamilton.

William Stewart, principal public schools, Oxford, Ohio.

* Matthew Wade, minister, Venice, Ohio.

Philip G. Berry, lawyer, Hamilton. William S. Giffen, lawyer, Hamilton.

Jeremiah M. Hunt, physician, Trenton. Frank F. Scott, farmer, Venice.

John Marshall VanDyke, physician, Mason, Ohio.

Elias R. Zeller, superintendent public schools, Burlington, Iowa.

R. H. Adams, principal Marion Academy, Marion, Kentucky.

S. L. Bishop, civil engineer, Kansas.

B. R. Finch, teacher, Oxford.

Thomas Fitzgerald, minister.

* Samuel Maltert, lawyer, Hamilton.

Joseph C. McKee, journalist, Indianapolis.

N. E. Warwick, lawyer, Hamilton.

* Roger Williams, journalist, Paddy's Run.

A. A. Lovett, physician, Eaton, Ohio.

The following is a list of the faculty of the University:

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY.

APPOINTED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RESIGNED.

1824 Rev. R. H. Bishop, D. D., - . . 1841

1841 Rev. George Junkin, D. D.,. . 1844

1844 Rev. John McArthur [pro tem.]

1845 Rev. E. D. McMaster, D. D.,. .1849

1849 Rev. W. C. Anderson, D. D.,. .1854

1854 0. N. Stoddard, A. M. [pro tem.]

1854 Rev. J. W. Hall, D. D., . . . . . .. 1866

1866 Rev. R. L. Stanton, D. D.,. . . . . .1871

1872 Rev. A. D. Hepburn,. . . . . . . . . . 1873

PROFESSORS.

1824 John E. Annan, Mathematics and Nat. Phil.,. . .1828

1824 William Sparrow, Languages,. . . . . . . . . . .. . . 1825

1825 William H. McGuffey, Languages,. . . . . . . . . . .1832

1828 John W. Scott, Mathematics and Natural Science, 1832

1832 S. W. McCracken, Mathematics, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1835

1832 Wm. H. McGuffey, Philology and Mental Science, 1836

1832 Thomas Armstrong, Languages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .., 1835

1832 John W. Scott, Natural Science,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1845

1835 S. W. McCracken, Languages,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1837

1835 A. T. Bledsoe, Mathematics,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1836

1837 S. W. McCracken, Mathematics,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1840

1837 John McArthur, Grecian Literature,. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1849

1837 Chauncey N. Olds, Latin,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1840

1841 R. H. Bishop, D. D., History and Political Science, 1845

1841 J. C. Moffat, D. D., Rom. Literature and Rhetoric, 1852

1841 John W. Armstrong, Mathematics,. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 1843

1843 George Watterman, Jr., Mathematics,.. . . .. . . . . . . 1844

1845 Thomas J. Matthews, Mathematics,. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 1852

1845 0. N. Stoddard, Natural Philosophy and Chemistry.

1849 Charles Elliot, Grecian Literature and Logic,. . . . . . . 1863

1852 R. H. Bishop, Latin.

1852 T. A. Wylie, Mathematics,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1855

1853 Charles Hruby, Modern Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1857

PIONEERS AND SOLDIERS - 77

APPOINTED.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RESIGNED.

1856 R. W. McFarland, Mathematics.

1858 J. C. Cristin, M. D., Modern Languages, 1860

1863 J. Y. McKee, Greek, 1866

1866 Arthur Burtis, D. D., Greek [pro tem.]

S. H. McMullin, Greek.

Caleb H. Carlton, Military Science.

Joseph Millikin, Greek.

Henry S. Osborn, LL. D., Natural Science.

James D. Coleman, Greek.

PIONEERS AND SOLDIERS.

GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE.

GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, on the 1st of January, 1745. He was the son of an Irishman, who emigrated to this country in the year 1722, and afterward became a member of the provincial assembly and an officer in the various military expeditions which were fitted out against the Indians. After leaving school, in which his attention to the mathematical sciences was marked, Anthony Wayne became a surveyor. That calling he followed for a number of years, devoting part of his time, however, to various county offices to which lie had been chosen. In 1774 he was one of the provincial deputies who met in Philadelphia to deliberate upon the state of affairs, and was also a member of the convention and of the Legislature. In 1775 he was a member or the committee of safety. Before the close of that year he had raised a regiment for immediate service, and, as its command